Human Sacrifice in Ancient Greece
Human Sacrifice in Ancient Greece
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古希腊的活人祭祀
DOI：
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发表时间：
1991
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
D. D. Hughes
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文献类型：
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作者：
D. D. Hughes
许多古代文献描述了人祭和其他形式的仪式杀戮：公元前480年，地米斯托克利将三名波斯俘虏献给狄俄尼索斯;每年希腊城市都会驱逐被称为pharmakoi的人类替罪羊，根据一些作者的说法，他们被杀害; Locrin女孩被特洛伊人追捕并杀害;在Lykaion山上，孩子们被崇拜者献祭和消耗;和许多其他文本报告人的牺牲执行定期在崇拜的神或在紧急情况下，如战争和瘟疫。考古学家们经常提出用活人献祭来解释他们的发现：从克里特岛上有刀痕的儿童骨头，一个躺在平台上的青年的骨架，胸前放着一把青铜刀片，迈锡尼和塞浦路斯墓室墓中的骷髅，有时被捆绑起来;还有男女合葬，据说妇女在男子的葬礼上被杀或自杀。如果考古学家的解释和古代资料中的主张被接受，那么它们就呈现了一幅从青铜时代到历史时代的古希腊人宗教生活的血腥和暴力画面。但作者表示谨慎。在许多情况下，如果不那么耸人听闻的话，考古学的解释是可能的;它经常可以表明，文学文本中的人祭是神话，或者后期作者混淆了神话细节与实际做法。无论证据是否被接受，这项研究提供了一个迷人的一瞥古希腊人的宗教思想和改变现代观念的宗教行为。
Numerous ancient texts describe human sacrifices and other forms of ritual killing: in 480 BC Themistocles sacrifices three Persian captives to Dionysus; human scapegoats called pharmakoi are expelled yearly from Greek cities, and according to some authors they are killed; Locrin girls are hunted down and slain by the Trojans; on Mt Lykaion children are sacrificed and consumed by the worshippers; and many other texts report human sacrifices performed regularly in the cult of the gods or during emergencies such as war and plague. Archaeologists have frequently proposed human sacrifice as an explanation for their discoveries: from Minoan Crete children's bones with knife-cut marks, the skeleton of a youth lying on a platform with a bronze blade resting on his chest, skeletons, sometimes bound, in the dromoi of Mycenaean and Cypriot chamber tombs; and dual man-woman burials, where it is suggested that the woman was slain or took her own life at the man's funeral. If the archaeologists' interpretations and the claims in the ancient sources are accepted, they present a bloody and violent picture of the religious life of the ancient Greeks, from the Bronze Age well into historical times. But the author expresses caution. In many cases alternative, if less sensational, explanations of the archaeological are possible; and it can often be shown that human sacrifices in the literary texts are mythical or that late authors confused mythical details with actual practices.Whether the evidence is accepted or not, this study offers a fascinating glimpse into the religious thought of the ancient Greeks and into changing modern conceptions of their religious behaviour.