Low Mass Stars as Tracers of Star and Cluster Formation
Low Mass Stars as Tracers of Star and Cluster Formation
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DOI：
10.1088/1538-3873/ac4c9c
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发表时间：
2022-03
影响因子：
3.5
通讯作者：
S. T. Megeath;R. Gutermuth;M. Kounkel
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
S. T. Megeath;R. Gutermuth;M. Kounkel
我们回顾了年轻的低质量恒星和原恒星或年轻恒星物体（YSOs）作为恒星形成的示踪剂的使用。在可见光、红外线、射电和x射线波段对分子云的观测可以识别和表征这些云中的yso，并能够探测到所有进化阶段的深嵌物体。用斯皮策、赫歇尔、xmm -牛顿和钱德拉太空望远镜测量了许多附近（<2.5 kpc）分子云内yso的空间分布，显示表面密度变化超过三个数量级。这些调查被用来测量云内恒星形成速率和效率的空间变化，当与分子气体的地图相结合时，就会发现云内恒星形成的关系。YSO调查还可以描述嵌入星团的结构、年龄和恒星形成历史，并阐明星团与分子云中丝状、中心和脊状网络的关系。通过测量yso的固有运动和径向速度，可以追踪星团从深嵌相到气体扩散的演变运动学，从而深入了解形成束缚星团的因素。在100pc的尺度上，盖亚覆盖了整个恒星形成的复合体，绘制出年轻的恒星群，这些恒星已经分散了它们的出生气体，并存在于分子云周围。这些调查揭示了复杂的结构和运动，并显示了超新星驱动膨胀的证据。现在盖亚已经发现了这些关联的残余，表明恒星形成结构的痕迹可以持续几亿年。
We review the use of young low mass stars and protostars, or young stellar objects (YSOs), as tracers of star formation. Observations of molecular clouds at visible, infrared, radio and X-ray wavelengths can identify and characterize the YSOs populating these clouds, with the ability to detect deeply embedded objects at all evolutionary stages. Surveys with the Spitzer, Herschel, XMM-Newton and Chandra space telescopes have measured the spatial distribution of YSOs within a number of nearby (<2.5 kpc) molecular clouds, showing surface densities varying by more than three orders of magnitude. These surveys have been used to measure the spatially varying star formation rates and efficiencies within clouds, and when combined with maps of the molecular gas, have led to the discovery of star-forming relations within clouds. YSO surveys can also characterize the structures, ages, and star formation histories of embedded clusters, and they illuminate the relationship of the clusters to the networks of filaments, hubs and ridges in the molecular clouds from which they form. Measurements of the proper motions and radial velocities of YSOs trace the evolving kinematics of clusters from the deeply embedded phases through gas dispersal, providing insights into the factors that shape the formation of bound clusters. On 100 pc scales that encompass entire star-forming complexes, Gaia is mapping the young associations of stars that have dispersed their natal gas and exist alongside molecular clouds. These surveys reveal the complex structures and motions in associations, and show evidence for supernova driven expansions. Remnants of these associations have now been identified by Gaia, showing that traces of star-forming structures can persist for a few hundred million years.