Sterilizing insects with ionizing radiation
Sterilizing insects with ionizing radiation
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DOI：
10.1007/1-4020-4051-2_9
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发表时间：
2005-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Lance, D. R.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Bakri, A.;Mehta, K.;Lance, D. R.
目前，电离辐射照射是使昆虫生殖不育的首选方法，用于纳入昆虫不育技术的区域性虫害综合治理方案。通常使用来自同位素来源（主要是钴-60或铯-137）的伽马辐射，但高能电子和X射线是其他实用的选择。最近，正在鼓励开发用于昆虫绝育的自给式低能量X射线辐照器，因为它们只需要获得电力和冷却水，并避免复杂和昂贵的放射源跨境运输。如果遵守既定的安全和质量保证准则，昆虫辐照是安全可靠的。关键的处理参数是吸收剂量，必须严格控制，以确保处理过的昆虫在生殖细胞中足够不育，但能够与野生昆虫竞争交配。为此，准确的剂量测定（吸收剂量的测量）至关重要。自20世纪50年代以来，涵盖360多个节肢动物物种（IDIDAS数据库）的5300多项辐照研究的数据表明，节肢动物绝育所需的剂量从蝗Schistocerca gregaria（Forskål）的不到5戈伊到一些Lyonetiid、Arctuid和Pyralid蛾的400戈伊或更高不等。诸如氧气水平、昆虫年龄和辐照期间的阶段以及许多其他因素影响灭菌所需的吸收剂量和辐照昆虫的生存能力。在设计辐照方案时考虑这些因素可以帮助在释放不育昆虫的计划中产生的昆虫的不育性和竞争力之间找到平衡。有些方案倾向于使用“预防性”辐射剂量，以提高绝育的安全限度，但这种剂量过大往往会降低竞争力，使野生种群的总体诱导不育性大大降低。
Exposure to ionizing radiation is currently the method of choice for rendering insects reproductively sterile for area-wide integrated pest management (AW-IPM) programmes that integrate the sterile insect technique (SIT). Gamma radiation from isotopic sources (mainly cobalt-60 or decreasingly caesium-137) is commonly used, but high-energy electrons and X-rays are other practical options. Recently, the development of self-contained low-energy X-ray irradiators for insect sterilization is being encouraged because they only require access to electricity and cooling water, and avoid the complex and costly shipment of radioactive sources across international borders. Insect irradiation is safe and reliable when established safety and quality-assurance guidelines are followed. The key processing parameter is absorbed dose, which must be tightly controlled to ensure that treated insects are sufficiently sterile in their reproductive cells and yet able to compete for mates with wild insects. To that end, accurate dosimetry (measurement of absorbed dose) is critical. Data from more than 5300 studies on irradiation since the 1950s, covering more than 360 arthropod species (IDIDAS database), indicate that the dose needed for sterilization of arthropods varies from less than 5 Gy for the acridid Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål) to 400 Gy or more for some lyonetiid, noctuid, and pyralid moths. Factors such as oxygen level, insect age and stage during irradiation, and many others, influence both the absorbed dose required for sterilization and the viability of irradiated insects. Consideration of these factors in the design of irradiation protocols can help to find a balance between the sterility and competitiveness of insects produced for programmes that release sterile insects. Some programmes prefer to apply “precautionary” radiation doses to increase the security margin of sterilization, but this overdosing often lowers competitiveness to the point where the overall induced sterility in the wild population is reduced significantly.