Pharmaceuticals in surface waters: sources, behavior, ecological risk, and possible solutions. Case study of Lake Geneva, Switzerland
Pharmaceuticals in surface waters: sources, behavior, ecological risk, and possible solutions. Case study of Lake Geneva, Switzerland
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DOI：
10.1002/wat2.1006
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发表时间：
2014-01-01
影响因子：
8.2
通讯作者：
Chevre, Nathalie
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Chevre, Nathalie
如今，药物存在于发达国家的地表水和地下水中。例如，在欧洲最大的湖泊之一日内瓦湖的中央，经常检测到14种药物的浓度高达0.37微克/升。这种污染是由于人类消耗药物以及生产过程中兽医使用和工业排放造成的。在日内瓦湖的情况下，后一种污染对一些特定的化合物来说是严重的。但是，如本综述所示，缺乏在水环境中检测到的大多数药物的环境毒性数据。例如，目前人们大多不知道二甲双胍的生态毒性，它是在日内瓦湖检测到的主要化合物之一。此外，由于某些药物的作用方式，可能会产生内分泌干扰、遗传毒性或抗药性诱导等特定影响，但尚未对水生物种进行调查。因此，药品的生态风险评估是棘手的，而且在大多数情况下是不可行的。由于缺乏这方面的知识，也由于药物具有很高的生物效力，因此必须减少这些化合物向水生系统的释放。这可以通过“源头”(例如尿液收集)方法或“管道末端”(例如废水处理)解决方案来实现。(C)2013年威利期刊公司。
Nowadays, pharmaceuticals are present in surface waters as well as in groundwaters of developed countries. In the middle of Lake Geneva, for example, one of the largest European lakes, 14 pharmaceuticals are regularly detected in concentrations up to 0.37 mu g/L. This pollution is due to the human consumption of drugs and also veterinary use and industrial releases during production. In the case of Lake Geneva, this latter pollution is significant for some specific compounds. But, as shown in this overview, environmental toxicity data are lacking for most of the pharmaceuticals detected in the aquatic environment. For example, the ecotoxicity of metformin, one of the main compounds detected in Lake Geneva, is mostly unknown for the moment. Furthermore, specific effects like endocrine disruption, genotoxicity, or antibioresistance induction, which may be expected because of the mode of action of some drugs, have not yet been investigated for aquatic species. Ecological risk assessment of pharmaceuticals is therefore tricky and most of the time is not feasible. Owing to this lack of knowledge, also due to high biological potency of the pharmaceuticals, it is critical to reduce the release of these compounds to the aquatic system. This may be achieved by 'at source' (e.g., urine collection) methods or 'end of pipe' (e.g., wastewater treatment) solutions. (C) 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.