Is Overconfidence a Motivated Bias? Experimental
Is Overconfidence a Motivated Bias? Experimental
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DOI：
10.1037/xge0000500
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发表时间：
2018-10-01
影响因子：
4.1
通讯作者：
Moore, Don A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Logg, Jennifer M.;Haran, Uriel;Moore, Don A.
过度自信的信念是由积极看待自己的动机驱动的吗？我们使用两种截然不同但往往被混为一谈的衡量标准来测试动机和过度自信之间的关系：优于平均水平(BTA)的信念和过度自信。我们的结果表明，动机确实可以影响这些过度自信的面孔，但只有在有限的条件下。尽管BTA信念被动机夸大，但在评估标准(实验1)或特质定义(实验2和3)中引入一些特异性和清晰度，总体上减少或消除了这种判断上的偏差。我们发现，对过度自信的认知解释得到了更有力的支持，该解释强调了任务难度的影响。拥有理想特质的难度(实验4)或在数学和逻辑问题上取得成功的难度(实验5)对自我评估的影响比动机更一致。最后，我们发现，缺乏模糊特征的客观标准允许人们创造独特的定义，并以自己独特的方式认为自己比其他人更好(实验6)。总体而言，研究结果表明，动机对BTA信念的影响更多地是由特殊的评估解释驱动的，而不是由自我强化的妄想驱动的。他们还指出，通过关注模糊的措施(BTA而不是替代)和模糊的特征，先前的研究可能夸大了动机在过度自信中的作用。
Are overconfident beliefs driven by the motivation to view oneself positively? We test the relationship between motivation and overconfidence using two distinct, but often conflated measures: better-than-average (BTA) beliefs and overplacement. Our results suggest that motivation can indeed affect these faces of overconfidence, but only under limited conditions. Whereas BTA beliefs are inflated by motivation, introducing some specificity and clarity to the standards of assessment (Experiment 1) or to the trait's definition (Experiments 2 and 3) reduces or eliminates this bias in judgment overall. We find stronger support for a cognitive explanation for overconfidence, which emphasizes the effect of task difficulty. The difficulty of possessing a desirable trait (Experiment 4) or succeeding on math and logic problems (Experiment 5) affects self-assessment more consistently than does motivation. Finally, we find the lack of an objective standard for vague traits allows people to create idiosyncratic definitions and view themselves as better than others in their own unique ways (Experiment 6). Overall, the results suggest motivation's effect on BTA beliefs is driven more by idiosyncratic construals of assessment than by self-enhancing delusion. They also suggest that by focusing on vague measures (BTA rather than overplacement) and vague traits, prior research may have exaggerated the role of motivation in overconfidence.