Fundamental Causality: Challenges of an Animating Concept for Medical Sociology
Fundamental Causality: Challenges of an Animating Concept for Medical Sociology
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DOI：
10.1007/978-1-4419-7261-3_4
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发表时间：
2011-01-01
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影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Lutfey, Karen
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Freese, Jeremy;Lutfey, Karen
可以说，在社会学和流行病学的交叉点上，最重要的问题是如何理解社会地位（以下称社会经济地位或SES）和健康的各种指标之间普遍存在的积极关系。地位越低的人，死得越早，活着的时候健康状况越差。在几乎所有的地方和时间，只要有足够的数据进行研究，就可以发现社会经济地位与总体健康之间存在负相关，这意味着即使特定的健康不良和死亡原因的流行程度有所不同，这种普遍性也是成立的（参见Marmot 2004; Link and Escheran 1995; Deaton 2002; House et al. 1990）。此外，数据表明，在包括美国在内的某些人群中，至少某些社会经济地位指标与某些健康指标之间的负相关性可能正在增加（邓肯，1996;劳德代尔，2001;普雷斯顿和Elo，1995; Steenland等人，2004; Krieger等人，2008）。Meara等人（2008年）发现，虽然在1990年至2000年期间，上过大学的人的预期寿命增加了1.6年，但在同一时期，没有上过大学的人的预期寿命根本没有增加。虽然可以提出各种警告，但任何人都不应忽视这样一个事实，即在研究人群中，健康方面的社会经济差异绝大多数是普遍和深刻的。
Arguably, the most important problem at the intersection of sociology and epidemiology is how to understand the pervasive positive relationship between various indicators of social position (hereafter, socioeconomic status or SES) and health. The lower status people are, the sooner they die, and the worse health they have while alive. Negative associations between SES and health overall have been found in almost every place and time for which data permit adequate study, implying that the generalization has held even as the prevalence of particular causes of ill-health and death have varied (see reviews in Marmot 2004; Link and Phelan 1995; Deaton 2002; House et al. 1990). In addition, data suggest that the negative association between at least some indicators of SES and some indicators of health may be increasing in some populations, including the United States (Duncan 1996; Lauderdale 2001; Preston and Elo 1995; Steenland et al. 2004; Krieger et al. 2008). Meara et al. (2008) found that while life expectancy had increased 1.6 years between 1990 and 2000 among those who had attended college, it had not increased at all over this same period among those who had not. While various caveats can be raised, none should detract from appreciating that socioeconomic disparities in health in studied populations overwhelmingly are pervasive and profound.