Building foundations for an open perspective on synthetic biology research and innovation.
Building foundations for an open perspective on synthetic biology research and innovation.
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为合成生物学研究和创新的开放视角奠定基础。
DOI：
10.1111/nph.12361
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发表时间：
2013
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Rant J
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Rant J
当今的大多数科学家在各自的领域都非常专业，并与同行评审制度紧密相连，这是研究的一个组成部分。限制其研究的负面影响的法规以及确保研究合乎道德地进行的指导方针普遍存在。科学家们在项目上进行合作，将互补的专业知识汇集在一起，并有能力在科学界分享他们的研究的事实、准确和相关的报告。全球通信网络日益受到社交媒体的推动，使得最新的研究成果能够以近乎突触的速度与以不同方式感知这些知识的接受者分享。人们可以假设，将研究成果翻译成一种广泛受众可以使用的语言将是很容易的，这有助于保持对研究和创新的知情公众评估，并鼓励将科学作为社会一部分的更普遍的兴趣。然而，现实是不完整的沟通，往往是被动的，是由最近的事态发展和潜在的负面宣传引发的，而不是经过仔细考虑的主动参与。最近的麻疹疫情是一个有力的例子，说明1998年发表的一篇科学论文的信息如何引起了连锁反应，导致公众关注，减少了疫苗接种，以及对科学家和政府组织的普遍不信任。这篇论文后来被撤回（Wakefield et al., 1998; The Editors of The Lancet, 2010），但其影响展示了社会如何处理、传播和对信息作出反应。当一个新的科学进步领域从基础研究中出现时，各种形式的交流将是在公众心中构建该技术的关键，影响市场潜力和通过政治进程产生的监管制度。2004年，英国政府对抗除草剂玉米品种的种植施加了限制，即使在农场规模评估试验表明它对野生动物造成的损害比传统品种更小之后，也被认为对经济可行性太不利（Mason, 2004）。在欧洲，关于合成生物学等新技术未来治理的讨论经常提到转基因（GM）作物的经验，在那里，公众对转基因技术的负面看法被不加批判的媒体支持的压力集团运动所推动，已经被证明非常抵制改变，尽管有强有力和一致的证据表明转基因作物的好处及其与它们所取代的农药相比的相对安全性。围绕转基因作物的另一种两极分化的公众辩论的前景已经说服了决策者和科学家尽早关注关于合成生物学的公众对话（Bhattachary et al, 2010）。平衡的、以证据为基础的传播过程在确定新技术框架或重新确定现有技术框架方面将日益重要。
Most present day scientists are extremely specialized in their respective fields and hard-wired into a peer review system that forms an integral part of research. Regulations to limit negative impacts of their research together with guidelines to ensure that research is carried out ethically are pervasive. Scientists collaborate on projects that bring complementary expertise together and are well equipped to share factual, accurate and relevant accounts of their research within the scientific community. The global communication network, increasingly driven by social media, enables the latest findings in research to be shared at an almost synaptic speed with recipients who perceive this knowledge in diverse ways. One could assume that the translation of research into a language accessible to a broad audience would be easy, contributing to maintaining informed public assessment of research and innovation, and also encouraging a more general interest in science as part of society. However, the reality has been patchy communication that is often reactive, triggered by recent developments and potential negative publicity rather than carefully considered proactive engagement. The recent measles outbreak serves as a powerful example of how messages from a single scientific paper published in 1998 caused a ripple effect leading to public concern, reduced uptake of vaccination and a general mistrust of scientists and government organizations. The paper has since been retracted (Wakefield et al., 1998; The Editors of The Lancet, 2010) but the implications demonstrate how society processes, disseminates and reacts to information. When a new area of scientific advancement emerges from basic research, communication in a wide variety of forms will be key to framing that technology in the minds of members of the public, affecting market potential and the regulatory systems derived through the political process. Restrictions imposed by the UK government in 2004 for the cultivation of a herbicide-resistant maize variety were deemed too unfavourable for economic viability even after Farm Scale Evaluation trials showed that it caused less damage to wildlife than conventional varieties (Mason, 2004). In Europe discussions on the future governance of new technologies such as synthetic biology frequently refer to the genetic modification (GM) crop experience, where negative public framing of GM technology, driven by a pressure group campaign with uncritical media support, has proven very resistant to change, despite strong and consistent evidence of the benefits of GM crops and their relative safety compared to the pesticides they replace. The prospect of another polarized public debate of the type that has surrounded GM crops had already convinced policy-makers and scientists to pay early attention to public dialogue on synthetic biology (Bhattachary et al., 2010). Communication processes that are balanced and evidence-based will be increasingly important in the framing of new technologies or the re-framing of existing ones.
主要视野：从科学开始
DOI：
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发表时间：
2005
期刊：
影响因子：
--
作者：
C. Murphy;Jim Beggs;H. Russell;L. Melton
通讯作者：
L. Melton
回肠淋巴结节增生、非特异性结肠炎和儿童广泛性发育障碍
DOI：
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发表时间：
2010
期刊：
The Lancet
影响因子：
--
作者：
T. Lancet
通讯作者：
T. Lancet