Slave markets and slavery in Moroccan Urban society
Slave markets and slavery in Moroccan Urban society
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摩洛哥城市社会的奴隶市场和奴隶制
DOI：
10.1080/01440399208575058
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发表时间：
1992
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
D. Schroeter
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
D. Schroeter
摩洛哥的城市市场是19世纪穿越撒哈拉向北出口黑奴的主要目的地之一。尽管这种贸易在前殖民时期仍然很重要，但奴隶一旦到达市场，人们几乎没有注意到他们的命运。本文是一项初步的努力，旨在确定奴隶贸易的范围，并调查关于奴隶制作为摩洛哥城市社会的一种社会制度的文献。我认为，历史学家一方面低估了奴隶贸易的数量，另一方面夸大了贸易的总价值。19世纪的奴隶贸易是一种重要的社会制度，而不是一种非常重要的意义。从历史上看，奴隶制在阿拉维德王朝的政治史上扮演着重要的角色，这一方面受到了学者们的极大关注。特别是由毛莱·伊斯马福尔(‘Abid)组成的所谓’奴隶军队‘，已经成为几项研究的主题。1在18世纪末阿比德部队解散后，摩洛哥的奴隶问题受到的关注相对较少。在十九世纪后半叶，随着废奴主义运动开始取得一些重大胜利，欧洲人对跨撒哈拉奴隶贸易的兴趣增加了。出于这个原因，关于摩洛哥奴隶制问题的文献越来越多。1842年，英国发起了一场国际废奴主义运动，向摩洛哥政府施压，要求其结束奴隶贸易。2英国旅行者、反奴隶制活动家詹姆斯·理查森随后于1843-44年访问摩洛哥，重新引起了人们对贩卖奴隶的兴趣。此后，摩洛哥废除奴隶制的运动与跨越撒哈拉的黑奴贸易联系在一起。3理查森带来了英国和外国反奴隶制协会的请愿书，他向埃萨维拉港总督al-Arabl af-Tarris宣读了这份请愿书。由于未能在马拉喀什与苏丹见面，并惹恼了英国驻埃萨维拉副领事，理查森被当局强迫离开摩洛哥。4几十年后，一些在摩洛哥的欧洲居民成为
The urban markets of Morocco were among the principal destinations of black slaves exported north across the Sahara in the nineteenth century. Despite the continued importance of this trade in the pre-colonial period, little attention has been paid to the fate of the slaves once they reached the market place. This paper is a preliminary effort to establish the extent of the slave trade, and to survey the literature on slavery as a social institution in Moroccan urban society. I argue that historians have underestimated the number of slaves traded on the one hand, and exaggerated the total value of the trade on the other. The slave trade in the nineteenth century was as an important social institution rather than a highly signifi-. cant economic enterprise.Historically, slavery played an important role in the political history of the Alawid dynasty and this dimension has received considerable attention from scholars. In particular, the so-called'slave army'formed by Mawlay Isma'fl ('abid), has been the subject of several studies. 1 Following the disbanding of the'abidforce at the end of the eighteenth century, the question of slaves in Morocco receives relatively less attention. In the latter half of the nineteenth century, the interest of Europeans in the trans-Saharan trade in slaves increased as the abolitionist movement began claiming a number of major victories. For this reason, there is a growing body of literature which treats the question of slavery in Morocco. Pressure on the Moroccan government to end the slave trade was initiated in 1842, when the British launched an international abolitionist campaign. 2 The subsequent visit to Morocco of the British traveller and anti-slavery activist James Richardson in 1843-44 brought a renewed interest in the slave trade. Henceforth, the campaign for the abolition of slavery in Morocco is linked to the trans-Saharan trade in black slaves. 3 Richardson brought with him a petition from the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, which he read to the governor of the port of Essaouira, al-'Arabl af-Tarris. Failing to obtain an audience with the Sultan in Marrakesh, and annoying the British vice-consul in Essaouira, Richardson was compelled by the authorities to leave Morocco. 4 Several decades later, a number of European residents in Morocco became subscribers to the