The Invention of Tradition: The Invention of Tradition in Colonial Africa
The Invention of Tradition: The Invention of Tradition in Colonial Africa
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传统的发明：非洲殖民地传统的发明
DOI：
10.1017/cbo9781107295636.006
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发表时间：
2012
期刊：
影响因子：
1.2
通讯作者：
T. Ranger
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
T. Ranger
引言19世纪70年代，19世纪80年代和19世纪90年代是欧洲发明的传统-教会，教育，军事，共和，君主制的伟大开花的时间。这也是欧洲人涌入非洲的时期。这两个过程之间有着许多复杂的联系。帝国的概念是欧洲自身创造传统过程的核心，但非洲帝国出现得太晚，它们证明了欧洲创造传统的影响，而不是原因。然而，在非洲，新的传统呈现出一种特殊的特征，使它们与欧洲和亚洲的帝国形式区别开来。与印度不同的是，非洲的许多地方成为了白色人的殖民地。这意味着殖民者必须将自己定义为大量非洲人的自然和无可争议的主人。他们利用欧洲发明的传统来界定和证明他们的作用，并提供有时可能吸引非洲人的屈从模式。因此，在非洲，学校、职业和军团传统的整个发明机构，比在欧洲本身更明显地成为一个指挥和控制的问题。此外，在欧洲，新统治阶级的这些发明传统在某种程度上被产业工人的发明传统或农民的发明“民间”文化所平衡。在非洲，没有一个白色农业家认为自己是农民。南部非洲矿山的白色工人当然借鉴了欧洲手工业工会的发明仪式，但他们这样做的部分原因是，这些仪式是排他性的，可以用来防止非洲人被定义为工人。
INTRODUCTION The 1870s, 1880s and 1890s were the time of a great flowering of European invented tradition – ecclesiastical, educational, military, republican, monarchical. They were also the time of the European rush into Africa. There were many and complex connections between the two processes. The concept of Empire was central to the process of inventing tradition within Europe itself, but the African empires came so late in the day that they demonstrate the effects rather than the causes of European invented tradition. Deployed in Africa, however, the new traditions took on a peculiar character, distinguishing them from both their European and Asian Imperial forms. By contrast to India many parts of Africa became colonies of white settlement. This meant that the settlers had to define themselves as natural and undisputed masters of vast numbers of Africans. They drew upon European invented traditions both to define and to justify their roles, and also to provide models of subservience into which it was sometimes possible to draw Africans. In Africa, therefore, the whole apparatus of invented school and professional and regimental traditions became much more starkly a matter of command and control than it was within Europe itself. Moreover, in Europe these invented traditions of the new ruling classes were to some extent balanced by the invented traditions of industrial workers or by the invented ‘folk’ cultures of peasants. In Africa, no white agriculturalist saw himself as a peasant. White workers in the mines of southern Africa certainly drew upon the invented rituals of European craft unionism but they did so partly because they were rituals of exclusiveness and could be used to prevent Africans being defined as workers.