Ecosystem Scale Acoustic Sensing Reveals Humpback Whale Behavior Synchronous with Herring Spawning Processes and Re-Evaluation Finds No Effect of Sonar on Citation-猫眼课题宝

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2014

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Zheng Gong;Ankita D. Jain;Duong D. Tran;D. Yi;Fan Wu;Alexander Zorn;P. Ratilal;N. Makris

我们发现座头鲸的发声行为与缅因湾每年大西洋鲱鱼产卵高峰期同步。在 2006 年秋季的海洋声学波导遥感 (OAWRS) 实验中，通过将无源、大孔径、密集采样、相干水听器阵列拖到乔治滩以北，通过引入 18 dB 的阵列增益，可以在缅因湾生态系统的大部分直径约 400 公里的区域中即时检测和定位发声鲸鱼，该增益比以前的声学鲸鱼传感高出几个数量级。由于座头鲸的发声记录持续在大约 2000 次/天，我们发现发声的座头鲸 (i) 绝大多数分布在乔治浅滩的北侧，与大西洋鲱鱼的产卵高峰时间和位置相吻合，(ii) 它们的整体发声行为具有强烈的昼夜性，与大型夜间鲱鱼群的形成同步，夜间的叫声频率大约比白天高十倍。座头鲸的发声由以下部分组成：（1）高度昼夜的非鸣叫声，适合狩猎和进食行为；（2）鸣叫声，在昼夜周期内具有恒定的发生率，对昼间鲱鱼群聚具有不变性。在 OAWRS 调查传输之前和期间：(a) 在 Stellwagen Bank 没有发现发声鲸鱼，那里的鲱鱼数量可以忽略不计；(b) 座头鲸鸣叫发生率恒定，表明传输对座头鲸鸣叫没有影响。这些测量结果与 Risch 等人的结论相矛盾。我们的分析表明（a）Risch 等人报告的歌曲发生变化。与声纳以外的自然原因一致，(b) Risch 等人报告的歌曲变化减少。发生在声纳调查开始前几天，并且 (c) Risch 等人。方法缺乏统计意义来得出 Risch 等人的结论。因为它的假阳性率高达 98-100%，并且缺乏任何真阳性确认。引用：Gong Z、Jain AD、Tran D、Yi DH、Wu F 等。 (2014) 生态系统规模声学传感揭示座头鲸行为与鲱鱼产卵过程同步，重新评估发现声纳对 2006 年秋季缅因湾座头鲸鸣叫没有影响。PLoS ONE 9(10): e104733。土井：10。 1371/journal.pone.0104733 编辑：Z. Daniel Deng，太平洋西北国家实验室，美国 2012 年 12 月 19 日收稿； 2014年6月23日接受；发布于 2014 年 10 月 7 日版权所有：2014 龚等人。这是一篇根据知识共享署名许可条款分发的开放获取文章，允许在任何媒体上不受限制地使用、分发和复制，前提是注明原始作者和来源。资助：这项研究得到了国家海洋学伙伴计划、海洋生物普查、海军研究办公室、阿尔弗雷德·P·斯隆基金会、国家科学基金会、总统科学家和工程师早期职业奖、东北大学和麻省理工学院的支持。作者感谢 David Reed 提供的技术援助。资助者在研究设计、数据收集和分析、发表决定或手稿准备中没有任何作用。利益竞争：本手稿的两位合著者是专利 US20060280030（“对鱼类种群和行为的连续大陆架规模监测”）的发明人，该专利归麻省理工学院所有，是在美国政府研究赞助下发现的，赋予美国政府有关该专利的某些权利。该专利涉及海洋声波导鱼类种群遥感。作者还确认，这不会改变他们对 PLOS ONE 关于共享数据和材料的政策的遵守。 * 电子邮件：makris@mit.edu ¤ 当前地址：美国马萨诸塞州剑桥市麻省理工学院机械工程系

We show that humpback-whale vocalization behavior is synchronous with peak annual Atlantic herring spawning processes in the Gulf of Maine. With a passive, wide-aperture, densely-sampled, coherent hydrophone array towed north of Georges Bank in a Fall 2006 Ocean Acoustic Waveguide Remote Sensing (OAWRS) experiment, vocalizing whales could be instantaneously detected and localized over most of the Gulf of Maine ecosystem in a roughly 400-km diameter area by introducing array gain, of 18 dB, orders of magnitude higher than previously available in acoustic whale sensing. With humpback-whale vocalizations consistently recorded at roughly 2000/day, we show that vocalizing humpbacks (i) were overwhelmingly distributed along the northern flank of Georges Bank, coinciding with the peak spawning time and location of Atlantic herring, and (ii) their overall vocalization behavior was strongly diurnal, synchronous with the formation of large nocturnal herring shoals, with a call rate roughly ten-times higher at night than during the day. Humpback-whale vocalizations were comprised of (1) highly diurnal non-song calls, suited to hunting and feeding behavior, and (2) songs, which had constant occurrence rate over a diurnal cycle, invariant to diurnal herring shoaling. Before and during OAWRS survey transmissions: (a) no vocalizing whales were found at Stellwagen Bank, which had negligible herring populations, and (b) a constant humpback-whale song occurrence rate indicates the transmissions had no effect on humpback song. These measurements contradict the conclusions of Risch et al. Our analysis indicates that (a) the song occurrence variation reported in Risch et al. is consistent with natural causes other than sonar, (b) the reducing change in song reported in Risch et al. occurred days before the sonar survey began, and (c) the Risch et al. method lacks the statistical significance to draw the conclusions of Risch et al. because it has a 98–100% false-positive rate and lacks any true-positive confirmation. Citation: Gong Z, Jain AD, Tran D, Yi DH, Wu F, et al. (2014) Ecosystem Scale Acoustic Sensing Reveals Humpback Whale Behavior Synchronous with Herring Spawning Processes and Re-Evaluation Finds No Effect of Sonar on Humpback Song Occurrence in the Gulf of Maine in Fall 2006. PLoS ONE 9(10): e104733. doi:10. 1371/journal.pone.0104733 Editor: Z. Daniel Deng, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, United States of America Received December 19, 2012; Accepted June 23, 2014; Published October 7, 2014 Copyright: 2014 Gong et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: This research was supported by the National Oceanographic Partnership Program, the Census of Marine Life, the Office of Naval Research, the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the National Science Foundation, the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers, Northeastern University, and Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The authors thank David Reed for providing technical assistance. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing Interests: Two of the co-authors of this manuscript are inventors of the patent US20060280030 (‘Continuous, continental shelf-scale monitoring of fish populations and behavior’) which is owned by MIT and was discovered under US Government Research Sponsorship, giving the US Government certain rights with regard to this patent. This patent involves ocean acoustic waveguide remote sensing of fish populations. The authors also confirm that this does not alter their adherence to the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. * Email: makris@mit.edu ¤ Current address: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Ecosystem Scale Acoustic Sensing Reveals Humpback Whale Behavior Synchronous with Herring Spawning Processes and Re-Evaluation Finds No Effect of Sonar on Citation

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