Asymmetry and Timing in the Volunteer's Dilemma
Asymmetry and Timing in the Volunteer's Dilemma
复制标题
志愿者困境中的不对称和时机
DOI：
10.1177/0022002793037003008
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发表时间：
1993
影响因子：
3.1
通讯作者：
J. Weesie
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
J. Weesie
迪克曼在1985年建立了一个由单个志愿者贡献的二元集体产品的生产模型。如果没有选择志愿者的机制，同质球员的情况就会出现帕累托低效的解决方案。我讨论了一种成本和收益不对称的变种。博弈论的论点被用来选择“焦点”均衡，在这个均衡中，成本/收益最有利的玩家自愿参与。作为场景，提出了志愿者的时机困境(VTD)。在VTD中，一名球员在等待一段时间后自愿参加，因为其他球员之前没有参加过志愿活动，或者他肯定不参加志愿活动。与集体货物延迟生产相关的好处随着延迟时间的延长而减少。在对称的VTD中，玩家随机选择志愿者的时间。在这里，帕累托的低效率既是由于集体产品生产的延迟，也是因为集体产品根本不被生产的可能性。在非对称VTD中，存在一个唯一的平衡点，它确实产生了帕累托有效焦域平衡。在一篇优雅的文章中，Diekmann(1985)对纽约著名的Kitty Genovese案件进行了深刻的分析，这起案件是一名年轻女子被残忍袭击并被刺死的。袭击发生在一座积木前。至少有38人目睹了这起犯罪事件，但没有人前来帮助她，也没有人打电话报警。考虑到帮助者自身受伤的风险，人们不愿介入也就不足为奇了。人们似乎不愿动用最低限度的资源打电话给警方，这一事实引发了公众的反应，谴责我们现代匿名社会中的人对同胞的事务漠不关心。
The production of a binary collective good by the contribution of a single volunteer was modeled by Diekmann in 1985. Without a mechanism for selecting a volunteer, the case with homogeneous players has a Pareto inefficient solution. I discuss a variant with asymmetric costs and benefits. Game-theoretic arguments are developed for selecting the "focal" equilibrium in which the player with the most favorable costs/benefits volunteers. As a scenario, the volunteer's timing dilemma (VTD) is presented. In a VTD, a player volunteers after some waiting time, given that the other players have not volunteered earlier, or he surely abstains from volunteering. The benefits associated with the delayed production of the collective good decrease with the length of the delay. In the symmetric VTD, players randomize the time at which to volunteer. Here, Pareto inefficiency is due both to a delay in production of the collective good and to the possibility that it is not produced at all. In the asymmetric VTD, there is a unique equilibrium that indeed generates the Pareto efficient focal equilibrium. In an elegant article, Diekmann (1985) provides an insightful analysis of the famous case of Kitty Genovese, a young woman brutally attacked and stabbed to death in New York. The attack happened in front of a building block. At least 38 people witnessed the crime, but nobody came to help her or phoned the police to report the incident. Given a helper's risk of being hurt oneself, it is not surprising that people were reluctant to step in. The fact that people seemed unwilling to apply the minimal resources to phone the police triggered a public response that condemned the indifference of people in our modern anonymous society with respect to the affairs of their fellow citizens.