Volatile Emissions from an Epiphytic Fungus are Semiochemicals for Eusocial Wasps
Volatile Emissions from an Epiphytic Fungus are Semiochemicals for Eusocial Wasps
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DOI：
10.1007/s00248-012-0074-2
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发表时间：
2012-11-01
影响因子：
3.6
通讯作者：
Landolt, Peter J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Davis, Thomas Seth;Boundy-Mills, Kyria;Landolt, Peter J.
微生物在植物表面无处不在。然而，附生微生物和节肢动物之间的相互作用很少被认为是影响节肢动物行为的因素。在这里，从附生真菌的挥发性排放物进行了调查，作为两个真社会性黄蜂的化学信息引诱剂。从苹果中分离出出芽短梗霉，并对真菌菌落散发的挥发性化合物进行了定量。真菌菌落和真菌挥发物对群居胡蜂的吸引力在野外进行了实验测试。结果表明：（1）A.出芽短梗霉诱捕黄蜂的能力比对照高27.50%;普鲁兰多糖是2-甲基-1-丁醇、3-甲基-1-丁醇和2-苯乙醇;和（3）真菌挥发物的合成混合物比未加诱饵的对照平均多吸引4,933%的黄蜂。2-甲基-1-丁醇对黄蜂的吸引力最大。被真菌挥发物吸引的主要蜂种是西部黄胡蜂（Vespula penetrica）和德国黄胡蜂（V. germanica），这两种蜂都是A.普鲁兰多糖。这是第一项将微生物挥发性排放与真社会性黄蜂行为联系起来的研究，这些实验表明，附生真菌释放的挥发性化合物可能是吸引黄蜂的原因。这项工作涉及附生微生物的重要组成部分，在社区生态的一些真社会hyperterans，和真菌的排放可能信号合适的营养源觅食黄蜂。我们的实验提示了一种潜在的共生关系，但还需要进一步的研究来确定真社会性黄蜂-真菌协会是否广泛存在，以及这些协会是否是偶然的、兼性的或专性的。
Microbes are ubiquitous on plant surfaces. However, interactions between epiphytic microbes and arthropods are rarely considered as a factor that affects arthropod behaviors. Here, volatile emissions from an epiphytic fungus were investigated as semiochemical attractants for two eusocial wasps. The fungus Aureobasidium pullulans was isolated from apples, and the volatile compounds emitted by fungal colonies were quantified. The attractiveness of fungal colonies and fungal volatiles to social wasps (Vespula spp.) were experimentally tested in the field. Three important findings emerged: (1) traps baited with A. pullulans caught 2750 % more wasps on average than unbaited control traps; (2) the major headspace volatiles emitted by A. pullulans were 2-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, and 2-phenylethyl alcohol; and (3) a synthetic blend of fungal volatiles attracted 4,933 % more wasps on average than unbaited controls. Wasps were most attracted to 2-methyl-1-butanol. The primary wasp species attracted to fungal volatiles were the western yellowjacket (Vespula pensylvanica) and the German yellowjacket (V. germanica), and both species externally vectored A. pullulans. This is the first study to link microbial volatile emissions with eusocial wasp behaviors, and these experiments indicate that volatile compounds emitted by an epiphytic fungus can be responsible for wasp attraction. This work implicates epiphytic microbes as important components in the community ecology of some eusocial hymenopterans, and fungal emissions may signal suitable nutrient sources to foraging wasps. Our experiments are suggestive of a potential symbiosis, but additional studies are needed to determine if eusocial wasp-fungal associations are widespread, and whether these associations are incidental, facultative, or obligate.