Viral and cellular oncogenes promote immune evasion.

Viral and cellular oncogenes promote immune evasion.
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DOI:
10.1038/s41388-021-02145-1
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发表时间:
2022-03
期刊:
影响因子:
8
通讯作者:
Philip M
Philip M
中科院分区:
医学1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Roetman JJ;Apostolova MKI;Philip M

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全世界 13% 的癌症与病毒感染有关。虽然许多人类致癌病毒广泛流行,但很少有感染者患上癌症。这就提出了一个问题:如果致癌病毒能够在人类宿主之间复制和传播而不引起癌症,那么它们为什么会编码病毒癌基因呢?有趣的是,病毒感染会触发先天免疫信号通路,进而激活 p53 等肿瘤抑制因子,这表明肿瘤抑制因子的进化可能主要不是为了预防癌症,而是为了阻止病毒感染。在这里,我们总结并比较了病毒性和非病毒性癌症使用的几种主要免疫逃避策略,重点关注在促进致瘤性和免疫逃避方面发挥双重作用的癌基因。通过强调致癌病毒如何逃避免疫系统的重要且具有说明性的例子,我们的目的是阐明非病毒癌症如何逃避免疫检测。对病毒和非病毒癌基因如何影响免疫功能的进一步研究和理解可能会导致改进策略,将针对癌蛋白的分子疗法与免疫调节剂结合起来。
Thirteen percent of cancers worldwide are associated with viral infections. While many human oncogenic viruses are widely endemic, very few infected individuals develop cancer. This raises the question why oncogenic viruses encode viral oncogenes if they can replicate and spread between human hosts without causing cancer. Interestingly, viral infection triggers innate immune signaling pathways that in turn activate tumor suppressors such as p53, suggesting that tumor suppressors may have evolved not primarily to prevent cancer, but to thwart viral infection. Here, we summarize and compare several major immune evasion strategies used by viral and non-viral cancers, with a focus on oncogenes that play dual roles in promoting tumorigenicity and immune evasion. By highlighting important and illustrative examples of how oncogenic viruses evade the immune system, we aim to shed light on how non-viral cancers avoid immune detection. Further study and understanding of how viral and non-viral oncogenes impact immune function could lead to improved strategies to combine molecular therapies targeting oncoproteins in combination with immunomodulators.
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