Potential Environmental Impacts of Peanut Using Water Footprint Assessment: A Case Study in Georgia
Potential Environmental Impacts of Peanut Using Water Footprint Assessment: A Case Study in Georgia
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DOI：
10.3390/agronomy12040930
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发表时间：
2022-04
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
R. Deepa;A. Anandhi;Nathaniel O. Bailey;J. Grace;O. C. Betiku;James Muchovej
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文献类型：
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作者：
R. Deepa;A. Anandhi;Nathaniel O. Bailey;J. Grace;O. C. Betiku;James Muchovej
近十年来，由于种植模式、气候条件和水资源供应的变化，美国东南部的灌溉面积有所增加。花生是美国东南部乔治亚州种植的主要豆类作物，一直是美国家庭的主食。尽管花生生产对全球花生生产（第四大）做出了重大贡献，但与花生生产中当地或区域规模的水消耗及其重大环境影响相关的研究却很少。因此，本研究有助于了解乔治亚州八个县花生作物的水足迹及其潜在的生态影响。使用特定作物特征因子对 2007 年至 2017 年期间与水消耗（水枯竭 — 绿水和蓝水短缺）和农药使用（水退化 — 潜在淡水生态毒性）相关的影响类别进行了中点水平估计。这些影响最终转化为对保护区生态系统质量的损害。这是美国东南部首次使用 ISO 14046 框架对县级水足迹进行量化及其影响评估。结果表明，蓝水需求高于绿水和灰水的作物的耗水量存在县际差异。根据本研究中对花生作物进行的水足迹分析，建议在乔治亚州的八个县进行额外灌溉。由于耗水量和农药施用造成的中点水平影响评估表明，无论农药施用量较低，具有高特征因子的化学品在种植和生长阶段的潜在淡水生态毒性影响较高。多元回归分析表明，海水、产量、降水量、最高地表温度和生长度日是影响淡水生态毒性影响的潜在因素。因此，定义了连接库存流量和生态系统质量的淡水生态毒性的可能影响路径。该分析有助于对格鲁吉亚其他主要作物进行比较环境影响评估，并有助于水资源管理决策。该研究的结果可能与美国东南部以及具有相似气候带和土地利用模式的其他地区具有很大的相关性。评估相对于资源可用性的用水影响可以帮助农民确定作物种植的时间和布局。
The recent decade has witnessed an increase in irrigated acreage in the southeast United States due to the shift in cropping patterns, climatic conditions, and water availability. Peanut, a major legume crop cultivated in Georgia, Southeast United States, has been a staple food in the American household. Regardless of its significant contribution to the global production of peanuts (fourth largest), studies related to local or regional scale water consumption in peanut production and its significant environmental impacts are scarce. Therefore, the present research contributes to the water footprint of peanut crops in eight counties of Georgia and its potential ecological impacts. The impact categories relative to water consumption (water depletion—green and blue water scarcity) and pesticide use (water degradation—potential freshwater ecotoxicity) using crop-specific characterization factors are estimated for the period 2007 to 2017 at the mid-point level. These impacts are transformed into damages to the area of protection in terms of ecosystem quality at the end-point level. This is the first county-wise quantification of the water footprint and its impact assessment using ISO 14046 framework in the southeast United States. The results suggest inter-county differences in water consumption of crops with higher blue water requirements than green and grey water. According to the water footprint analysis of the peanut crop conducted in this study, additional irrigation is recommended in eight Georgia counties. The mid-point level impact assessment owing to water consumption and pesticide application reveals that the potential freshwater ecotoxicity impacts at the planting and growing stages are higher for chemicals with high characterization factors regardless of lower pesticide application rates. Multiple regression analysis indicates blue water, yield, precipitation, maximum surface temperature, and growing degree days are the potential factors influencing freshwater ecotoxicity impacts. Accordingly, a possible impact pathway of freshwater ecotoxicity connecting the inventory flows and the ecosystem quality is defined. This analysis is helpful in the comparative environmental impact assessments for other major crops in Georgia and aids in water resource management decisions. The results from the study could be of great relevance to the southeast United States, as well as other regions with similar climatic zones and land use patterns. The assessment of water use impacts relative to resource availability can assist farmers in determining the timing and layout of crop planting.