Trampling Damage by Cattle on Northern Idaho Forest Plantations.-猫眼课题宝

牛对爱达荷州北部森林种植园的践踏造成的损害。

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1982

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作者：

D. Eissenstat;W. Mitchell

评价了牛在杉木人工林种植后第一年的践踏效果。由于研究区域被践踏而部分被包围的树木比未被践踏的树木更容易死亡（a =研究地点位于爱达荷州总部以北16公里处，. oool）。人工林中平均19%的树木被践踏，一般归类为西部红杉/桃金娘；然而，由于聚集性牛（Pachisiima mvrsinitj）生境类型（Daubenmire）和Daubendistribution的不同，破坏程度是不均匀的。结果反映了放牧的危害（Douglas-fir mire, 1968）。落矶山脉北部的亚高山冷杉(Abies lasiocarpa)/桃金娘人工林在坡底的栖息地类型之后的第一年被分级为亚高山冷杉(Abies lasiocarpa)/桃金娘人工林。成熟的建制立场西部红杉于1976年被砍伐，由此形成了75公顷的森林面积。在落基山脉北部，森林管理者对砍伐殆尽的森林感到担忧。1977年，灌木被推土机堆起来焚烧，4月，牲畜放牧对树木生长产生了潜在的有害影响。1978年，该地点种植了集装箱种植的道格拉斯冷杉播种失败。临时范围被定义为森林面积为1至8。Ft （2.4 m）间距。在伐木、火灾等之后，在林冠闭合之前，幼苗的平均高度为24厘米，平均直径为3.0毫米，因此只适合在暂时的数年内进行放牧。尽管放牧区包围了人工林，因此阻断了饲料生产所需的光线。sepermittee被指示让他的牲畜远离它，一般工人报告说，由于高度的临时围栏，骑手和不同的盐模式，死亡率很高。尽管如此，对牲畜的放牧控制不佳(King et al. 1978，更少，大约5到25头牛和小牛定期在植物上（hedrick和Keniston 1966， Young et al. 1942）。这些工人也从1978年6月工作到10月底。只有少量的，发现适当控制的放牧与大多数不成功的尝试相适应，以防止牲畜再生。然而，在牧场放牧的种类上存在混淆。实际的放养率无法计算；然而，根据不同地区的人工林大小和饲料储量估算，不妨碍不同树种更新的系统。在东南部，在正常允许使用的条件下，湿地松（Pinus elliotti）对放牧强度的抵抗力很强。种畜损害的数量（Lewis 1980a）。Pearson等人（1971）发现，被践踏的林分可以作为放牧强度的相对指标，轻度和中度放牧均不影响林分的生存（King等）。1978)。动物聚集在坡底和种植后的前5年。大量放牧确实减少了他们在低马鞍上和沿着山顶行走的次数。每公顷树木（每英亩124棵），但损失分布相当均匀。作者得出结论，如果牛被扣留到6月，那么湿地松人工林第一年可以被大量放牧。从1978年6月至10月1日，西北内陆地区树木对啃食和践踏损害表现出不同的抗性，每3周监测842株幼苗。牲畜损失。Young等人（1941年）和Tisdale（1960年）发现，幼苗是从三个开始检测的。3公顷(。75-x@宏观中度重放牧对白松（Pinus monricola）、冷杉（Abies grandis）和道格拉斯冷杉（Pseudotsuga menziesii）的自然更新没有影响，但对落叶松（Lorir occidentolis）和西部红杉（27mja plicola）的再生有抑制作用。过度放牧抑制了所有针叶树的再生。麦克莱恩和克拉克（1980）发现，在适当控制放牧强度和周期的情况下，对黑松（Pinus conorra）和恩格尔曼云杉（Pica engelmannii）的牛损害可以忽略不计。在3年的时间里，高强度的放牧造成了大量的黑松和云杉幼苗被杀死或损坏，主要是由于反复践踏。本研究报道了美国爱达荷州北部红杉区道格拉斯冷杉种植后第一年对浏览和践踏损害的易感性。表1。爱达荷州北部西部杉木/桃金桃木生境类型道格拉斯杉木幼苗种植适宜年对动物伤害的频率响应1978年10月，种植6个月后进行了条件测量。洼地死亡总数西南坡死亡总数东北坡死亡总数

The effects of cattle trampling in a Douglas-fir plantation the first year after planting were assessed. Trees partially girdled due to Study Area trampling were much more likely to die than untrampled trees (a = The study site was located I6 km north of Headquarters, Idaho, .OOOl). An average of 19% of the trees in the plantation had been and is generally classified as a western redcedar/myrtle pachistima trampled; however, the damage was uneven due to clumped cattle (Pachisiima mvrsinitesj habitat type (Daubenmire and Daubendistribution. The results reflect the halard of grazing Douglas-fir mire 1968). It grades into a subalpine fir(Abies lasiocarpa)/myrtle plantations in the northern Rockies during the first year after P achistima habitat type at the slope base. A mature stand of establishment. western redcedar was logged in 1976 and thus created a 75-ha In the northern Rockies, forest managers are concerned with the clearcut. In 1977 theslash wasdozer-piled and burned, and in April potential deleterious effect that livestock grazing has on tree regenI978 the site was planted with container-grown Douglas-fir seederation failure. Transitory rangesaredefined hereasforestedareas lings to an 8.ft (2.4-m) spacing. The seedlings have an average that are only suitableforgraring over a temporary number of years height of 24 cm and an average diameter of 3.0 mm. following logging, fire, etc., before the overstory canopy closes in, Although a grazing allotment encompassed the plantation, the thereby intercepting the light needed for forage production. Sevpermittee was instructed to keep his livestock away from it by using eral workers have reported significant mortality from high intentemporary fences, riders, and different salting patterns. Nonethesity or poorly controlled livestock grazing (King et al. 1978, less, about 5 to 25 cows and calves were periodically on the plantaHedrick and Keniston 1966, Young et al. 1942). These workers also tion from June until the end of October 1978. Only minimal and found properly controlled grazing to be compatible with tree largely unsuccessful attempts were made to keep the livestock off regeneration. There is confusion, however, on the kinds of grazing the plantation. An actual stocking rate could not be calculated; systems that do not hinder regeneration of different tree species in however, estimates based on the plantation size and forage abundifferent regions. dance indicated grazing intensities to be much less than intensities In the Southeast, slash pine (Pinus elliotti) is very resistant to under conditions of normal permitted use. The number of seedlivestock damage (Lewis 1980a). Pearson et al. (1971) found that lings trampled can serve as a relative index to grazing intensity neither light nor moderate grazing affected slash pine survival for (King etal. 1978). Animalscongregatedatthe bottomofslopesand the first 5 years afterplanting. Heavygrazingdid resultin306fewer routinely traveled over low saddles and along hilltops. trees per ha (124 per acre), but losses were fairly well distributed. The authors concluded that slash pine plantations can be heavily Methods grazed the first year if cattle are witheld until June. A total of 842 seedlings were monitored every 3 weeks from I5 In the Northwest interior, trees appear to be variably resistant to June until I October, 1978, for browsing and trampling damage. livestock damage. Young et al. (1941) and Tisdale (1960) found The seedlings were examined from three .3-ha (.75-x@ macromoderately heavy grazing by sheep had no effect on the natural regeneration of white pine (Pinus monricola), grand fir (Abies grandis), and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), but inhibited the regeneration of larch (Lorir occidentolis)and western redcedar (27mja plicola). Heavy grazing inhibited the regeneration of all conifers. McLean and Clark (1980) found negligible cattledamage to lodgepole pine (Pinus contorra) and Engelmann spruce (Pica engelmannii) where intensity and period of grazing were adequately controlled. High intensity grazing over a 3-year period caused large numbers of lodgepole pine and spruce seedlings to be killed or damaged, primarily from repeated trampling. This study reports on the susceptibility of Douglas-fir to browsing and trampling damage in the redcedar zone of northern Idaho the first year after planting. Table 1. Frequency response of Douglas-fir seedlings to animal damage in the fit year of planting in a western redecar/myrtlepacbistima habitat type in northern Idaho. Condition measurements were made 6 months after planting, in October 1978. Bottomland Alive Dead Total Southwest Slope Alive Dead Total Northeast Slope Alive Dead Total Cattle

Trampling Damage by Cattle on Northern Idaho Forest Plantations.

牛对爱达荷州北部森林种植园的践踏造成的损害。

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