Household and personal air pollution exposure measurements from 120 communities in eight countries: results from the PURE-AIR study.
Household and personal air pollution exposure measurements from 120 communities in eight countries: results from the PURE-AIR study.
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来自八个国家的120个社区的家庭和个人空气污染暴露测量：纯航空研究的结果。
DOI：
10.1016/s2542-5196(20)30197-2
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发表时间：
2020-10
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
PURE-AIR study
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Shupler M;Hystad P;Birch A;Miller-Lionberg D;Jeronimo M;Arku RE;Chu YL;Mushtaha M;Heenan L;Rangarajan S;Seron P;Lanas F;Cazor F;Lopez-Jaramillo P;Camacho PA;Perez M;Yeates K;West N;Ncube T;Ncube B;Chifamba J;Yusuf R;Khan A;Hu B;Liu X;Wei L;Tse LA;Mohan D;Kumar P;Gupta R;Mohan I;Jayachitra KG;Mony PK;Rammohan K;Nair S;Lakshmi PVM;Sagar V;Khawaja R;Iqbal R;Kazmi K;Yusuf S;Brauer M;PURE-AIR study
约有28亿人因使用污染燃料烹饪而受到家庭空气污染。很少有监测研究系统地测量了不同人群中各种烹饪燃料中损害健康的空气污染物（即细颗粒物[PM2·5]和炭黑）浓度。这项跨国研究旨在评估具有各种烹饪环境的农村社区厨房浓度和个人暴露于PM2·5和黑碳的程度。作为前瞻性城市和农村流行病学（PURE）队列的一部分，PURE-AIR研究在8个国家（孟加拉国，智利，中国，哥伦比亚，印度，巴基斯坦，坦桑尼亚和津巴布韦）的120个农村社区进行。数据收集自2 541个家庭和998名个人（442名男性和556名女性）。收集了48小时厨房和个人PM2·5的重量法（或基于过滤器的）测量结果。PM2·5过滤器的吸光度（10− 5 m −1）是黑碳浓度的代表，通过基于图像的反射率方法计算。在48小时监测期之前和之后收集了家庭特征和烹饪模式的调查。PURE-AIR研究的家庭空气污染监测于2017年6月至2019年9月进行。厨房PM2·5平均浓度梯度出现在主要烹饪燃料中：气体（45微克/立方米[95% CI 43-48]），电力（53微克/立方米[47-60]），煤（68微克/立方米[61-77]），木炭（92微克/立方米[58-146]），农业或作物废物（106 μg/m3 [91-125]）、木材（109 μg/m3 [102-118]）、动物粪便（224 μg/m3 [197-254]）和灌木或草（276 μg/m3 [223-342]）。在主要用木柴做饭的家庭中，平均PM2·5浓度变化了10倍（范围：40-380微克/立方米）。燃料堆放很普遍（2541户家庭中有981户[39%]）;使用木材作为主要烹饪燃料与清洁的次要烹饪燃料（如天然气）相比，PM2·5和炭黑浓度降低了50%。观察到女性（67 μg/m3 [95% CI 62-72]）和男性（62 [58-67]）之间的平均PM2·5个人暴露相似。观察到PM2·5（男性为0·79 [95% 0·71-0·88]，女性为0·82 [0·74-0·91]）和黑碳（男性为0·64 [0·45-0·92]，女性为0·68 [0·46-1·02]）的平均个人暴露与厨房暴露比率几乎相等。使用清洁的一次燃料可显著降低厨房PM2·5浓度。重要的是，所有主要燃料类型的平均厨房和个人PM2·5测量值超过了世卫组织的中期目标1（年平均值为35微克/立方米），这突出表明需要采取全面的污染缓解战略。
Approximately 2·8 billion people are exposed to household air pollution from cooking with polluting fuels. Few monitoring studies have systematically measured health-damaging air pollutant (ie, fine particulate matter [PM2·5] and black carbon) concentrations from a wide range of cooking fuels across diverse populations. This multinational study aimed to assess the magnitude of kitchen concentrations and personal exposures to PM2·5 and black carbon in rural communities with a wide range of cooking environments. As part of the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiological (PURE) cohort, the PURE-AIR study was done in 120 rural communities in eight countries (Bangladesh, Chile, China, Colombia, India, Pakistan, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe). Data were collected from 2541 households and from 998 individuals (442 men and 556 women). Gravimetric (or filter-based) 48 h kitchen and personal PM2·5 measurements were collected. Light absorbance (10−5m−1) of the PM2·5 filters, a proxy for black carbon concentrations, was calculated via an image-based reflectance method. Surveys of household characteristics and cooking patterns were collected before and after the 48 h monitoring period. Monitoring of household air pollution for the PURE-AIR study was done from June, 2017, to September, 2019. A mean PM2·5 kitchen concentration gradient emerged across primary cooking fuels: gas (45 μg/m3 [95% CI 43–48]), electricity (53 μg/m3 [47–60]), coal (68 μg/m3 [61–77]), charcoal (92 μg/m3 [58–146]), agricultural or crop waste (106 μg/m3 [91–125]), wood (109 μg/m3 [102–118]), animal dung (224 μg/m3 [197–254]), and shrubs or grass (276 μg/m3 [223–342]). Among households cooking primarily with wood, average PM2·5 concentrations varied ten-fold (range: 40–380 μg/m3). Fuel stacking was prevalent (981 [39%] of 2541 households); using wood as a primary cooking fuel with clean secondary cooking fuels (eg, gas) was associated with 50% lower PM2·5 and black carbon concentrations than using only wood as a primary cooking fuel. Similar average PM2·5 personal exposures between women (67 μg/m3 [95% CI 62–72]) and men (62 [58–67]) were observed. Nearly equivalent average personal exposure to kitchen exposure ratios were observed for PM2·5 (0·79 [95% 0·71–0·88] for men and 0·82 [0·74–0·91] for women) and black carbon (0·64 [0·45–0·92] for men and 0·68 [0·46–1·02] for women). Using clean primary fuels substantially lowers kitchen PM2·5 concentrations. Importantly, average kitchen and personal PM2·5 measurements for all primary fuel types exceeded WHO’s Interim Target-1 (35 μg/m3 annual average), highlighting the need for comprehensive pollution mitigation strategies.