Three Decades of Renewable Electricity Policies in Germany
Three Decades of Renewable Electricity Policies in Germany
复制标题
德国三个十年的可再生电力政策
DOI：
10.1260/0958305042259792
复制
发表时间：
2004
影响因子：
4.2
通讯作者：
Lutz Mez
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
V. Lauber;Lutz Mez
在工业大国中，德国在新可再生能源方面明显领先，风能装机容量位居第一，光伏装机容量位居第二。这种能力不是由于特殊的自然资源基础，而是由于政策，尽管这项政策在1997年之前一直以相当不温不火的方式进行。这导致了这一领域的显着扩张。自1998年执政的红绿联盟制定了到2050年实现50%或更多的电力来自可再生能源的愿景，这一目标似乎得到了公众的很好接受，但不被现有的能源利益集团或保守-自由派反对派的领导人接受，尽管成本似乎相对较低。本文回顾了1974年以来德国Res-E政策的历史沿革，重点介绍了1990-2004年间德国Res-E立法的演变过程。1974年后的Res-E政策的前15年致力于研发，市场创造措施在1988年后才生效；其中，馈入法是最重要的。在1990年代，它勉强维持了下来，但在1998年选举后出现了显著改善；新的多数党大大加强了对可再生能源和可再生能源的支持，特别是对光伏和生物质的支持。然而，这项立法在国内和欧盟两级仍未得到完全接受。
Of the large industrial countries, Germany is clearly leading with regard to new renewable energy sources, occupying the first rank in terms of installed wind energy capacity, and the second rank in photovoltaics. This capacity is not due to an exceptional natural resource base but to policy, despite the fact that this policy was conducted in a rather lukewarm fashion until 1997. This led to a remarkable expansion of this sector. The red-green coalition, in office since 1998, developed the vision of achieving 50 percent and more of electricity generated from RES by 2050, a goal that seems well accepted by the public but not by the established energy interests or the leaders of the conservative-liberal opposition, even though the cost appears to be comparatively modest. The article gives a historical account of German RES-E policy since 1974 and focuses in particular on the evolution of “feed-in” legislation from 1990 to 2004. The first 15 years of RES-E policy after 1974 were devoted to R&D. Market creation measures only came into effect after 1988; of these, the Feed-In Law was the most important. During the 1990s, it barely managed to survive, but significant improvement occurred after the 1998 election; the new majority greatly strengthened RES-E support, particularly for photovoltaics and biomass. However, this legislation is still not fully accepted on both the domestic and the EU levels.