Introduction to the special issue on membrane trafficking in neurons.
Introduction to the special issue on membrane trafficking in neurons.
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神经元膜运输特刊简介。
DOI：
10.1002/dneu.22573
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发表时间：
2018
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
Cai,Qian
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Zhang,Huaye;Winckler,Bettina;Cai,Qian
细胞内膜运输是各种细胞功能所必需的基本过程，从靶向蛋白或蛋白复合物到亚细胞膜结构域，将必需的细胞器递送到具有高能量需求的某些隔室，以及调节参与信号转导的途径。鉴于轴突可以延伸到细胞体大小的数千倍的长度，贩运对神经元来说是一个非常独特的挑战，因为它们具有高度极化和复杂的结构。毫不奇怪，运输缺陷与各种神经发育和神经退行性疾病有关。在这期特刊中，我们邀请了神经元运输领域的顶尖专家，讨论神经元细胞内运输机制的新见解，以及细胞内运输如何在功能上影响神经元发育、稳态以及神经变性。神经元由放射状胶质细胞产生，并迁移到它们在皮质中的最终位置，在那里它们延伸树突和轴突（统称为“神经突”）以建立正确的神经元回路。神经突延伸的过程需要质膜的显著扩张，因为成熟神经元的表面积可以是球形和未成熟神经元前体细胞的数千倍。为了实现细胞表面积的这种增加，必须合成新的膜和新的膜蛋白并通过分泌途径递送。膜囊泡从索马运输到远端神经突上的位点，在那里它们与质膜融合，优选在生长锥处。不同的膜载体特异性靶向不同的膜结构域（基罗加等人，2017年）。此外，为了支持神经突延伸所必需的蛋白质和脂质组分的递送，神经元具有广泛的内质网（ER）网络，其具有比质膜的表面面积大多达十倍的表面膜面积。粗面内质网分布于整个索马和树突，而光滑的内质网分布于远端树突和轴突。已知轴突中的光滑ER对于局部脂质合成、蛋白质翻译和质量控制以及跨膜蛋白运输沿着是必需的
Intracellular membrane trafficking is a fundamental process essential for various cellular functions ranging from targeting proteins or protein complexes to subcellular membrane domains, delivering essential organelles to certain compartments with high energy demand, and regulating pathways involved in signal transduction. Given that axons can extend to lengths thousands of times of the size of the cell bodies, trafficking represents a very unique challenge for neurons because of their highly polarized and elaborate architecture. Not surprisingly, trafficking defects have been implicated in a variety of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. In this special issue, we have asked leading experts in the field of neuronal trafficking to discuss novel insights into the mechanisms of intracellular trafficking in neurons, and how intracellular trafficking functionally impacts neuronal development, homeostasis, as well as neurodegeneration.During embryonic brain development, neurons are generated from radial glial cells and migrate to their final location in the cortex where they extend dendrites and axons (together referred to as “neurites”) to establish the correct neuronal circuitry. The process of neurite extension requires significant expansion of the plasma membrane, as the surface area of a mature neuron can be thousands of times larger than a spherical and immature neuronal precursor cell. To achieve such increase in cell surface area, new membrane and new membrane proteins must be synthesized and delivered through the secretory pathway. Membrane vesicles are transported from the soma to sites on distal neurites where they fuse with the plasma membrane, preferentially at the growth cones. Distinct membrane carriers are specifically targeted to different membrane domains (Quiroga et al., 2017). In addition, to support the delivery of protein and lipid components necessary for neurite extension, neurons have an extensive endoplasmic reticulum (ER) network that has a surface membrane area up to ten times more than that of the plasma membrane. The rough ER is present throughout the soma and dendrites, whereas the smooth ER is abundant in the distal dendrite and axon. Smooth ER in the axon is known to be required for the localized lipid synthesis, protein translation and quality control, as well as transmembrane protein trafficking along