The 17 April 2021 widespread solar energetic particle event

The 17 April 2021 widespread solar energetic particle event
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2021 年 4 月 17 日广泛的太阳高能粒子事件

DOI:
10.1051/0004-6361/202345938
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发表时间:
2023
影响因子:
6.5
通讯作者:
Dresing N
Dresing N
中科院分区:
物理与天体物理2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Dresing N

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背景 2021 年 4 月 17 日发生的一次复杂而持久的太阳喷发产生了广泛的太阳高能粒子 (SEP) 事件,由五个纵向间隔良好的内日球层观测者观测到了这一事件,这些观测者距太阳的距离为 0.42 到 1 个天文单位:BepiColombo、帕克太阳探测器、太阳轨道飞行器、STEREO A 和近地航天器。该事件是第 25 太阳周期中检测到的第二个广泛的 SEP 事件,它产生了相对论性电子和质子。它与持久的太阳硬X射线耀斑有关,该耀斑在一小时内显示出多个硬X射线峰值。该事件还伴随着速度为 880 km s−1 的中快日冕物质抛射 (CME),它驱动了冲击波、极紫外波和持久而复杂的射电爆发活动,在 40 分钟的时间内显示出四个不同的 III 型爆发组。目的我们的目标是了解日球层内部 SEP 强度升高广泛传播的原因,并确定观测到的高能电子和质子的潜在源区。方法我们应用对遥感观测的综合多航天器分析以及高能粒子和行星际环境的原位测量,将不同位置的 SEP 观测结果归因于太阳的各个潜在源区。我们使用 ENLIL 模拟来表征复杂的行星际状态及其在高能粒子传输中的作用。每个航天器与太阳之间的磁连接是通过弹道反向测绘结合下日冕中的势场源表面外推来确定的。然后,我们还利用日冕激波前沿的重建,确定了激波与不同观察者建立磁连接的时间。使用射电观测来表征四个主要注入事件的方向性,然后将其用于二维 SEP 输运模拟,以测试这些不同注入事件的重要性。结果对每个航天器观测到的 SEP 的推断太阳注入时间进行的全面定时分析表明,不同的源过程对于电子和质子事件很重要。潜在粒子源(例如日冕物质抛射驱动的激波或耀斑)的特征和时间比较表明,质子事件的激波贡献更强,而电子事件的耀斑相关源更可能。结论与早期对广泛的 SEP 事件的研究相反,我们发现,在该事件中,广泛的 SEP 传播的一个重要因素是由不同的 SEP 注入覆盖的约 110° 的宽纵向范围,这也得到了我们的 SEP 输运模型的支持。
ContextA complex and long-lasting solar eruption on 17 April 2021 produced a widespread solar energetic particle (SEP) event that was observed by five longitudinally well-separated observers in the inner heliosphere that covered distances to the Sun from 0.42 to 1 au: BepiColombo, Parker Solar Probe, Solar Orbiter, STEREO A, and near-Earth spacecraft. The event was the second widespread SEP event detected in solar cycle 25, and it produced relativistic electrons and protons. It was associated with a long-lasting solar hard X-ray flare that showed multiple hard X-ray peaks over a duration of one hour. The event was further accompanied by a medium-fast coronal mass ejection (CME) with a speed of 880 km s−1that drove a shock, an extreme ultraviolet wave, and long-lasting and complex radio burst activity that showed four distinct type III burst groups over a period of 40 min.AimsWe aim to understand the reason for the wide spread of elevated SEP intensities in the inner heliosphere as well as identify the underlying source regions of the observed energetic electrons and protons.MethodsWe applied a comprehensive multi-spacecraft analysis of remote-sensing observations and in situ measurements of the energetic particles and interplanetary context to attribute the SEP observations at the different locations to the various potential source regions at the Sun. We used an ENLIL simulation to characterize the complex interplanetary state and its role in the energetic particle transport. The magnetic connection between each spacecraft and the Sun was determined using ballistic backmapping in combination with potential field source surface extrapolations in the lower corona. Using also a reconstruction of the coronal shock front, we then determined the times when the shock establishes magnetic connections with the different observers. Radio observations were used to characterize the directivity of the four main injection episodes, which were then employed in a 2D SEP transport simulation to test the importance of these different injection episodes.ResultsA comprehensive timing analysis of the inferred solar injection times of the SEPs observed at each spacecraft suggests different source processes being important for the electron and proton events. Comparison among the characteristics and timing of the potential particle sources, such as the CME-driven shock or the flare, suggests a stronger shock contribution for the proton event and a more likely flare-related source for the electron event.ConclusionsIn contrast to earlier studies on widespread SEP events, we find that in this event an important ingredient for the wide SEP spread was the wide longitudinal range of about 110° covered by distinct SEP injections, which is also supported by our SEP transport modeling.
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发表时间: 2019
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