Dietary Cadmium Intake and Sources in the US
Dietary Cadmium Intake and Sources in the US
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DOI：
10.3390/nu11010002
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发表时间：
2019-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
5.9
通讯作者：
Chun, Ock K.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kim, Kijoon;Melough, Melissa M.;Chun, Ock K.
镉(Cd)是一种有毒的重金属，可导致许多疾病，并增加死亡率。饮食是大多数人接触Cd的主要来源，但在美国，人们对哪些食物和食物组对饮食中Cd的摄入贡献最大知之甚少。因此，本研究的目的是估计美国人群和人群亚群中饮食中镉的摄入量，并确定镉的主要食物来源。本研究纳入了2007-2012年国家健康和营养检查调查（NHANES）中年龄在2岁及以上的个体（n = 12523）。通过将摄入数据与美国食品和药物管理局（FDA） 2006年至2013年总饮食研究的Cd数据库相匹配，从24小时饮食召回的两天中估计Cd摄入量。人群平均日粮镉摄入量为4.63 μ g/d，即0.54 μ g/kg体重/周，为可耐受周摄入量（TWI） 2.5 μ g/kg体重/周的22%。老年人、男性、高收入、高学历或高体重指数人群的每日镉摄入量较高。以体重为基础，镉摄入量最高的人群是10岁及以下儿童（占TWI的38%）、体重过轻者（占TWI的38%）和不饮酒者（占TWI的24%）。对镉摄入量贡献最大的食物组是谷物和面包（34%）、叶菜（20%）、土豆（11%）、豆类和坚果（7%）以及茎/根类蔬菜（6%）。对总镉摄入量贡献最大的食物是生菜（14%）、意大利面（8%）、面包（7%）和土豆（6%）。莴苣是白种人和黑人的主要镉来源，而玉米饼是西班牙裔的主要来源，而大米是包括亚洲人在内的其他种族亚群的主要来源。本研究提供了有关美国人饮食中镉暴露的重要信息，并确定了社会人口亚组中饮食中镉暴露最多的群体以及饮食中镉的主要来源。
Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal that can contribute to numerous diseases as well as increased mortality. Diet is the primary source of Cd exposure for most individuals, yet little is known about the foods and food groups that contribute most substantially to dietary Cd intake in the US. Therefore, the objective of this study was to estimate dietary Cd intake and identify major food sources of Cd in the US population and among subgroups of the population. Individuals aged 2 years and older from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2012 were included in this study (n = 12,523). Cd intakes were estimated from two days of 24-h dietary recalls by matching intake data with the Cd database of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)'s Total Diet Study 2006 through 2013. The average dietary Cd consumption in the population was 4.63 mu g/day, or 0.54 mu g/kg body weight/week, which is 22% of the tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of 2.5 mu g/kg body weight/week. Greater daily Cd intakes were observed in older adults, males, those with higher income, higher education, or higher body mass index. The highest Cd intakes on a body weight basis were observed in children 10 years and younger (38% of TWI), underweight individuals (38% of TWI), and alcohol non-consumers (24% of TWI). The food groups that contributed most to Cd intake were cereals and bread (34%), leafy vegetables (20%), potatoes (11%), legumes and nuts (7%), and stem/root vegetables (6%). The foods that contributed most to total Cd intake were lettuce (14%), spaghetti (8%), bread (7%), and potatoes (6%). Lettuce was the major Cd source for Caucasians and Blacks, whereas tortillas were the top source for Hispanics, and rice was the top contributor among other ethnic subgroups including Asians. This study provides important information on the dietary Cd exposure of Americans, and identifies the groups with the greatest dietary Cd exposure as well as the major sources of dietary Cd among sociodemographic subgroups.