Wildland-urban interface fire ashes as a major source of incidental nanomaterials
Wildland-urban interface fire ashes as a major source of incidental nanomaterials
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DOI：
10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130311
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发表时间：
2022-11-08
影响因子：
13.6
通讯作者：
Baalousha, Mohammed
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Alshehri, Talal;Wang, Jingjing;Baalousha, Mohammed
虽然野火灰烬中的金属和类金属浓度已被记录，但野火-城市界面（WUI）火灾灰烬中附带纳米材料（INMs）的性质和浓度受到的关注较少。在这项研究中，在北方加州2020年火灾季节之后，在WUI收集的57种植被，结构和车辆灰烬和底层土壤的总金属和类金属浓度- North Complex Fire和LNU Lightning Complex Fire -在微波辅助酸消化后使用电感耦合等离子体-飞行时间-质谱法进行测定。Ti、Zn、Cu、Ni、Pb、Sn、Sb、Co、Bi、Cr、Ba、As、Rb和W的浓度在结构/车辆产生的灰烬中通常高于植被产生的灰烬和土壤。Ca、Sr、Rb和Ag的浓度随着燃烧完全性的增加而增加（例如，黑灰<灰灰<白色灰），而C、N、Zn、Pb和In的含量随燃烧完全度的增加而降低。通过质量平衡计算和Ti/Nb高于自然背景比的变化确定的人为Ti浓度在车辆灰中最高（中位数：30.8 g kg-1，范围：4.5-41.0 g kg-1），其次是结构灰（中位数：5.5 g kg-1，范围：0-77.4 g kg-1）。各种类型的含碳INM（例如，无定形碳、乱层状碳和与氧化锌相关的碳）和含金属的INM（例如，使用透射电子显微镜（包括能量色散X射线光谱）在灰烬中发现了尺寸在几纳米到几百纳米之间的Ti、Cu、Fe、Zn、Mn、Pb和Cr）。总体而言，这项研究表明，丰富的各种金属和金属合金的形式INMs在WUI火灾灰烬。这项研究还强调了需要进一步研究INMs的形成，转化，反应性，命运和影响期间和之后的WUI火灾。
Although metal and metalloid concentrations in wildfire ashes have been documented, the nature and concen-trations of incidental nanomaterials (INMs) in wildland-urban interface (WUI) fire ashes have received consid-erably less attention. In this study, the total metal and metalloid concentrations of 57 vegetation, structural, and vehicle ashes and underlying soils collected at the WUI following the 2020 fire season in northern California - North Complex Fire and LNU Lightning Complex Fire - were determined using inductively coupled plasma-time of flight-mass spectrometry after microwave-assisted acid digestion. The concentrations of Ti, Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sn, Sb, Co, Bi, Cr, Ba, As, Rb, and W are generally higher in structural/vehicle-derived ashes than in vegetation -derived ashes and soils. The concentrations of Ca, Sr, Rb, and Ag increased with increased combustion completeness (e.g., black ash < gray ash < white ash), whereas those of C, N, Zn, Pb, and In decreased with increased combustion completeness. The concentration of anthropogenic Ti - determined by mass balance calculations and shifts in Ti/Nb above the natural background ratios - was highest in vehicle ash (median: 30.8 g kg -1, range: 4.5-41.0 g kg -1) followed by structural ash (median: 5.5 g kg -1, range: of 0-77.4 g kg -1). Various types of carbonaceous INM (e.g., amorphous carbon, turbostratic-like carbon, and carbon associated with zinc oxides) and metal-bearing INMs (e.g., Ti, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Pb, and Cr) with sizes between few nanometers to few hundreds of nanometers were evidenced in ashes using transmission electron microscopy, including energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Overall, this study demonstrates the abundance of a variety of metals and met-alloids in the form of INMs in WUI fire ashes. This study also highlights the need for further research into the formation, transformation, reactivity, fate, and effects of INMs during and following fires at the WUI.