Atmospheric heating due to black carbon aerosol during the summer monsoon period over Ballia: A rural environment over Indo-Gangetic Plain
Atmospheric heating due to black carbon aerosol during the summer monsoon period over Ballia: A rural environment over Indo-Gangetic Plain
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DOI：
10.1016/j.atmosres.2016.04.008
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发表时间：
2016-09
影响因子：
5.5
通讯作者：
S. Tiwari;U. Dumka;P. Hopke;P. Tunved;A. Srivastava;D. S. Bisht;R. Chakrabarty
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
S. Tiwari;U. Dumka;P. Hopke;P. Tunved;A. Srivastava;D. S. Bisht;R. Chakrabarty
黑碳（BC）气溶胶是全球气候变化最不确定的驱动因素之一。普遍的观点是，在工业化和车辆排放最低的农村地区，BC的质量浓度很低。2014年6月16日至8月15日（季风期），作为印度政府地球科学部“云气溶胶相互作用和降水增强实验（CAIPEEX）第三阶段下恒河流域地面实验-2014”国家研究计划的一部分，在高度污染的印度河-恒河平原地区的农村环境中进行了BC和颗粒物（PM）质量浓度的连续测量。BC的平均质量浓度为4.03（±0.85）μ m−3，日变化在2.4 ~ 5.64 μ m−3之间，而PM的平均质量浓度[近超细颗粒物（PM1.0）、细颗粒物（PM2.5）和可吸入颗粒物（PM10）]分别为29.1（±16.2）、34.7（±19.9）和43.7（±28.3）μ m−3。BC对pm1.0的贡献约为13%，是有记录以来的最高贡献之一。在当地时间20:00 - 22:00期间，由于当地居民燃烧木材、粪便、秸秆和秸秆混合粪便等生物燃料/生物质用于烹饪，BC质量浓度最高，平均值为5.89 μ m−3。在6月、7月和8月，由复合气溶胶和BC气溶胶引起的大气直接辐射强迫值分别为+ 78.3、+ 44.9和+ 45.0 wm - 2和+ 42.2、+ 35.4和+ 34.3 wm - 2。复合气溶胶和BC气溶胶对应的大气升温速率（AHR）分别为2.21、1.26和1.26；6月、7月和8月分别为1.19、0.99和0.96 K day - 1，平均为1.57和1.05 K day - 1, AHR （BC）比复合颗粒低33%。如此高的AHR强调了吸收由印度使用生物燃料的住宅烹饪产生的BC等气溶胶的重要性。我们的研究表明，需要立即制定有效的法规和政策，以减少印度农村地区家庭烹饪中BC颗粒的排放。
Black carbon (BC) aerosols are one of the most uncertain drivers of global climate change. The prevailing view is that BC mass concentrations are low in rural areas where industrialization and vehicular emissions are at a minimum. As part of a national research program called the “Ganga Basin Ground Based Experiment-2014 under the Cloud Aerosol Interaction and Precipitation Enhancement Experiment (CAIPEEX) Phase-III” of Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, the continuous measurements of BC and particulate matter (PM) mass concentrations, were conducted in a rural environment in the highly-polluted Indo-Gangetic Plain region during 16th June to 15th August (monsoon period), 2014. The mean mass concentration of BC was 4.03 (± 0.85) μg m− 3with a daily variability between 2.4 and 5.64 μg m− 3, however, the mean mass PM concentrations [near ultrafine (PM1.0), fine (PM2.5) and inhalable (PM10)] were 29.1(± 16.2), 34.7 (± 19.9) and 43.7 (± 28.3) μg m− 3, respectively. The contribution of BC in PM1.0was approximately 13%, which is one of the highest being recorded. Diurnally, the BC mass concentrations were highest (mean: 5.89 μg m− 3) between 20:00 to 22:00 local time (LT) due to the burning of biofuels/biomass such as wood, dung, straw and crop residue mixed with dung by the local residents for cooking purposes. The atmospheric direct radiative forcing values due to the composite and BC aerosols were determined to be + 78.3, + 44.9, and + 45.0 W m− 2and + 42.2, + 35.4 and + 34.3 W m− 2during the months of June, July and August, respectively. The corresponding atmospheric heating rates (AHR) for composite and BC aerosols were 2.21, 1.26 and 1.26; and 1.19, 0.99 and 0.96 K day− 1for the month of June, July and August, respectively, with a mean of 1.57 and 1.05 K day− 1which was 33% lower AHR (BC) than for the composite particles during the study period. This high AHR underscores the importance of absorbing aerosols such as BC contributed by residential cooking using biofuels in India. Our study demonstrates the need for immediate, effective regulations and policies that mitigate the emission of BC particles from domestic cooking in rural areas of India.