Primate nepotism: What is the explanatory value of kin selection?
Primate nepotism: What is the explanatory value of kin selection?
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DOI：
10.1023/a:1005619430744
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发表时间：
2001-04-01
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Chapais, B
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Chapais, B
亲属选择理论（Kin selection theory，KS）被广泛引用来解释灵长类社会中亲属裙带关系的优惠待遇：因为这个想法是如此普遍，KS的作用往往是毋庸置疑的，可选机制往往被忽视。我首先研究了其他一些裙带关系产生机制的潜在作用，集中在母系亲属关系的邻近相关的影响。这种亲属关系的相关性可能会偏向发展相互自私的相互作用亲属偏互利主义和利他主义的相互作用亲属偏互惠利他主义的两种机制，已被赋予很少的重量相比，KS和裙带关系的演变的影响是未知的。然而，这两个选项KS不能说明存在单方面利他的亲属之间的相互作用，这提供了，因此，最好的类型的证据来测试KS。但是这样的证据很难获得，因为许多被认为是利他的行为实际上可能是自私的，而且因为亲属利他主义很少是单方面的，它通常是双边的，正如互惠利他主义理论所预期的那样。由于这些原因，在将裙带关系完全等同于KS之前，应该非常谨慎。接下来，除了考虑汉密尔顿方程的变量外，我还考虑行为的持续时间、亲属类的大小及其差异可用性，来检验KS关于根据亲属关系程度部署利他主义的预测。一般来说，利他主义在亲属类别中的分配率是相当恒定的，并且会显著下降，超过亲缘关系的程度，利他主义就没有更多的利润了。很少有数据能让人们最终检验这个预测，以及其他一些重要的预测。总的来说，有充分的证据表明KS在塑造母亲与后代在各个领域的相互作用中的作用。但是，在母子关系之外（r < 0.5），亲属选择利他主义的证据虽然在质量上是可靠的，但却少得多。亲属利他主义在r = 0.25之后显著下降（同父异母兄弟姐妹和祖母-祖父-祖父二对）。
Kin selection theory (KS) is widely invoked to account for the preferential treatment of kin-nepotism-in primate societies: Because this idea is so per vasive the role of KS is often unquestioned and optional mechanisms are often ignored. I first examine the potential role of some other nepotism-generating mechanisms by concentrating on the effect of the proximity correlate of matrilineal kinship. This correlate of kinship may bias the development of mutually selfish interactions among relatives-kin-biased mutualism-and that of reciprocally altruistic interactions-kin-biased reciprocal altruism-two mechanisms that have been given little weight compared to KS and whose impact on the evolution of nepotism is therefore unknown. However, these two options to KS cannot account for the existence of unilaterally altruistic interactions among kin, which provide, therefore, the best type of evidence to test KS. But such evidence is difficult to obtain because many behaviors considered altruistic may in fact be selfish, and because kin altruism is seldom unilateral it is most often bilateral as expected by reciprocal altruism theory. For these reasons, one should be extremely cautious before equating nepotism exclusively with KS. Next, I examine the predictions of KS regarding the deployment of altruism according to degree of kinship by considering, in addition to the variables of Hamilton 's equation, the duration of behaviors, the size of kin classes and their differential availability. In general, altruism is expected to be allocated at a fairly constant rate among kin categories and to drop markedly past the degree of relatedness beyond which altruism is no more profitable Very little data allow one to test conclusively this prediction, as well as some other significant predictions. Overall, there is ample evidence for the role of KS in shaping mother-offspring interactions in various areas. But the evidence for kin-selected altruism beyond the mother-offspring bond (r < 0.5), though qualitatively solid, is much less abundant. Kin altruism drops markedly beyond r = 0.25 (half-siblings and grandmother-grandoffspring dyads).