Potential of a low‐cost sensor network to understand the spatial and temporal dynamics of a mountain snow cover
Potential of a low‐cost sensor network to understand the spatial and temporal dynamics of a mountain snow cover
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DOI：
10.1002/2013wr014594
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发表时间：
2014-03
影响因子：
5.4
通讯作者：
S. Pohl;J. Garvelmann;Jens Wawerla;M. Weiler
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
S. Pohl;J. Garvelmann;Jens Wawerla;M. Weiler
季节性积雪的时空动态对许多水文、生态和气候过程起着至关重要的作用。本文提出了一种新的创新方法，使用许多低成本的独立雪监测站（SnoMoS）来连续监测这些动态。这些观测站提供具有高时空分辨率的降雪和相关气象数据。SnoMoS收集的数据包括：雪深、地表温度、空气温度和湿度、总降水量、全球辐射、风速和气压。2010/2011年和2011/2012年冬季，在德国南部黑森林地区三个40-180平方公里流域内的多个地点共放置了99个传感器。选择的位置覆盖了广泛的斜坡，海拔，并在分层抽样设计的曝光。此外，“配对站”位于彼此非常接近，一个在开放和各种森林树冠下，建立了调查植被对雪动力学的影响。结果表明，雪深的相当大的差异，因此，雪水当量（SWE）的研究区域内存在，尽管其温和的温度和中等海拔范围（400-1500米）。地形因素，如海拔，方面，和不同类型的森林植被的相对影响不断量化，并发现在冬季期间发生很大变化。记录的SWE和积雪持续时间的差异是足够大的，他们应该考虑在水文和气候模型。
The spatial and temporal dynamics of seasonal snow covers play a critical role for many hydrological, ecological, and climatic processes. This paper presents a new, innovative approach to continuously monitor these dynamics using numerous low‐cost, standalone snow monitoring stations (SnoMoS). These stations provide snow and related meteorological data with a high temporal and spatial resolution. Data collected by SnoMoS include: snow depth, surface temperature, air temperature and humidity, total precipitation, global radiation, wind speed, and barometric pressure. A total of 99 sensors were placed over the winters 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 at multiple locations within three 40–180 km2 basins in the Black Forest region of Southern Germany. The locations were chosen to cover a wide range of slopes, elevations, and expositions in a stratified sampling design. Furthermore, “paired stations” located in close proximity to each other, one in the open and one underneath various forest canopies, were set up to investigate the influence of vegetation on snow dynamics. The results showed that considerable differences in snow depth and, therefore, snow water equivalent (SWE) are present within the study area despite its moderate temperatures and medium elevation range (400–1500 m). The relative impact of topographical factors like elevation, aspect, and of different types of forest vegetation were quantified continuously and were found to change considerably over the winter period. The recorded differences in SWE and snow cover duration were large enough that they should be considered in hydrologic and climate models.