Incorporating Indigenous Rights and Environmental Justice into Fishery Management: Comparing Policy Challenges and Potentials from Alaska and Hawaiʻi
Incorporating Indigenous Rights and Environmental Justice into Fishery Management: Comparing Policy Challenges and Potentials from Alaska and Hawaiʻi
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DOI：
10.1007/s00267-013-0021-0
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发表时间：
2013-03
影响因子：
3.5
通讯作者：
L. Richmond
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
L. Richmond
殖民进程，包括剥夺土著土地和资源，以及发展西方管理机构来管理具有重要文化意义的鱼类资源的使用，在许多方面使土著人的利益在美国渔业中处于边缘地位。近年来，一些美国渔业机构已经开始制定政策，通过更好地适应土著人的观点和渔业管理实践中的权利来应对这一殖民遗产。本文分析了两种这样的政策：2005年阿拉斯加的社区配额实体计划允许农村社区（主要是阿拉斯加土著村庄）购买和租赁大比目鱼商业捕捞特权和1994年夏威夷州以社区为基础的自给捕鱼区夏威夷原住民社区可以通过立法将社区附近的海洋空间指定为CBSFAs，并与州政府合作，夏威夷州政府根据夏威夷传统习俗管理这些地区。分析表明，这两种政策的轨迹之间有着惊人的相似之处。虽然这两项法律都为将土著权利和环境正义纳入州或联邦渔业管理提供了巨大的潜力，但迄今为止，它们基本上没有做到这一点。环境管理人员可以从这两项政策的挑战和潜力中获得见解。为了进行有意义的变革，纳入土著权利和环境正义的环境政策需要自然资源机构承诺提供财政和体制支助，需要土著群体和社区承诺组织和发展能力，并在设计政策框架时认真考虑背景和文化因素。
Colonial processes including the dispossession of indigenous lands and resources and the development of Western management institutions to govern the use of culturally important fish resources have served in many ways to marginalize indigenous interests within the United States fisheries. In recent years, several US fishery institutions have begun to develop policies that can confront this colonial legacy by better accommodating indigenous perspectives and rights in fishery management practices. This paper analyzes two such policies: the 2005 community quota entity program in Alaska which permits rural communities (predominantly Alaska Native villages) to purchase and lease commercial halibut fishing privileges and the 1994 State of Hawaiʻi community-based subsistence fishing area (CBSFA) legislation through which Native Hawaiian communities can designate marine space near their community as CBSFAs and collaborate with the state of Hawaiʻi to manage those areas according to traditional Hawaiian practices. The analysis reveals a striking similarity between the trajectories of these two policies. While they both offered significant potential for incorporating indigenous rights and environmental justice into state or federal fishery management, they have so far largely failed to do so. Environmental managers can gain insights from the challenges and potentials of these two policies. In order to introduce meaningful change, environmental policies that incorporate indigenous rights and environmental justice require a commitment of financial and institutional support from natural resource agencies, a commitment from indigenous groups and communities to organize and develop capacity, and careful consideration of contextual and cultural factors in the design of the policy framework.