Explicit warnings reduce but do not eliminate the continued influence of misinformation
Explicit warnings reduce but do not eliminate the continued influence of misinformation
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DOI：
10.3758/mc.38.8.1087
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发表时间：
2010-12-01
影响因子：
2.4
通讯作者：
Tang, David T. W.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ecker, Ullrich K. H.;Lewandowsky, Stephan;Tang, David T. W.
最初被认为是正确的信息，但后来被撤回或纠正，通常会继续影响记忆和推理。即使撤回本身被很好地记住，这种情况也会发生。本研究调查了是否可以通过在一开始就明确警告人们他们可能被误导来减少错误信息的持续影响。一个具体的警告--提供关于持续影响效应（CIE）的详细信息--成功地减少了对过时信息的持续依赖，但并没有消除这种依赖;一个更一般的警告--提醒人们在信息传播之前，事实并不总是经过适当的检查--效果更差。在另一个实验中，将具体的警告与对撤回信息的合理替代解释结合起来。这种组合操作进一步降低了CIE，但仍然未能完全消除它。
Information that initially is presumed to be correct, but that is later retracted or corrected, often continues to influence memory and reasoning. This occurs even if the retraction itself is well remembered. The present study investigated whether the continued influence of misinformation can be reduced by explicitly warning people at the outset that they may be misled. A specific warning-giving detailed information about the continued influence effect (CIE)-succeeded in reducing the continued reliance on outdated information but did not eliminate it. A more general warning-reminding people that facts are not always properly checked before information is disseminated-was even less effective. In an additional experiment, a specific warning was combined with the provision of a plausible alternative explanation for the retracted information. This combined manipulation further reduced the CIE but still failed to eliminate it altogether.