Physical basis of radiation protection in space travel
Physical basis of radiation protection in space travel
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DOI：
10.1103/revmodphys.83.1245
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发表时间：
2011-11-08
影响因子：
44.1
通讯作者：
Cucinotta, Francis A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Durante, Marco;Cucinotta, Francis A.
空间辐射的健康风险可以说是空间探索面临的最严重挑战，可能会因安全问题而阻止这些飞行任务，或使其成本增加到超出可接受的水平。空间中的辐射与地球上的辐射有很大不同：高能（E）和带电（Z）粒子（HZE）是深空等效剂量的主要贡献者，而伽马射线和低能α粒子是地球上的主要贡献者。这一差异造成了估计的辐射健康风险（包括癌症和非癌症影响）的高度不确定性，并使防护工作极为困难。事实上，在空间进行屏蔽是非常困难的：宇宙射线的能量非常高，空间飞行中的质量限制非常严格，这严重阻碍了有效的屏蔽。这里介绍了空间辐射防护的物理基础，包括空间辐射传输规范和屏蔽方法方面的最新成就。虽然确定性和蒙特卡罗输运程序现在可以很好地描述宇宙射线与物质的相互作用，但需要更精确的双微分核截面来改进程序。还应研究生物分子中的能量沉积和相关影响，以便为长期探索任务建立准确的风险模型。被动屏蔽对太阳粒子事件可能是有效的;然而，它对银河宇宙射线（GCR）是有限的。主动屏蔽必须克服具有挑战性的技术障碍，以防止GCR。因此，改进风险评估以及遗传和生物医学方法更有可能解决大湖区辐射防护问题。
The health risks of space radiation are arguably the most serious challenge to space exploration, possibly preventing these missions due to safety concerns or increasing their costs to amounts beyond what would be acceptable. Radiation in space is substantially different from Earth: high-energy (E) and charge (Z) particles (HZE) provide the main contribution to the equivalent dose in deep space, whereas gamma rays and low-energy alpha particles are major contributors on Earth. This difference causes a high uncertainty on the estimated radiation health risk (including cancer and noncancer effects), and makes protection extremely difficult. In fact, shielding is very difficult in space: the very high energy of the cosmic rays and the severe mass constraints in spaceflight represent a serious hindrance to effective shielding. Here the physical basis of space radiation protection is described, including the most recent achievements in space radiation transport codes and shielding approaches. Although deterministic and Monte Carlo transport codes can now describe well the interaction of cosmic rays with matter, more accurate double-differential nuclear cross sections are needed to improve the codes. Energy deposition in biological molecules and related effects should also be developed to achieve accurate risk models for long-term exploratory missions. Passive shielding can be effective for solar particle events; however, it is limited for galactic cosmic rays (GCR). Active shielding would have to overcome challenging technical hurdles to protect against GCR. Thus, improved risk assessment and genetic and biomedical approaches are a more likely solution to GCR radiation protection issues.