Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in US streams, 1999-2000: A national reconnaissance
Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in US streams, 1999-2000: A national reconnaissance
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DOI：
10.1021/es011055j
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发表时间：
2002-03-15
影响因子：
11.4
通讯作者：
Buxton, HT
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kolpin, DW;Furlong, ET;Buxton, HT
为了提供对水资源中药物，激素和其他有机废水污染物（OWC）的首次全国性调查，美国地质调查局在1999年和2000年期间使用了五种新开发的分析方法来测量来自30个州139条溪流的水样中95种OWC的浓度。采样点的选择偏向于易受污染的溪流（即密集城市化和畜牧业生产的下游）。在这项研究中，OWC普遍存在，在80%的采样流中发现。检测到的化合物代表了广泛的住宅，工业和农业来源和用途，在本研究期间发现了95种OWC中的82种。最常检测到的化合物是粪甾烷醇（粪便类固醇）、胆固醇（植物和动物类固醇）、N，N-二乙基甲苯酰胺（驱虫剂）、咖啡因（刺激剂）、三氯生（抗菌消毒剂）、磷酸三（2-氯乙基）酯（阻燃剂）和4-壬基苯酚（非离子型洗涤剂代谢物）。这项研究中测得的浓度普遍较低，很少超过饮用水指南，饮用水卫生标准或水生生物标准。然而，许多化合物没有建立这样的指导方针。在这项研究中，检测到多种OWC是很常见的，在给定的水样中发现了7种和多达38种OWC。对环境中OWC复杂混合物可能产生的潜在相互作用效应（如协同或拮抗毒性）知之甚少。此外，本研究的结果表明，获得代谢物的数据，以充分了解不仅在水文系统中的OWC的命运和运输，但也对人类健康和环境的最终整体影响的重要性。
To provide the first nationwide reconnaissance of the occurrence of pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants (OWCs) in water resources, the U.S. Geological Survey used five newly developed analytical methods to measure concentrations of 95 OWCs in water samples from a network of 139 streams across 30 states during 1999 and 2000. The selection of sampling sites was biased toward streams susceptible to contamination (i.e. downstream of intense urbanization and livestock production). OWCs were prevalent during this study, being found in 80% of the streams sampled. The compounds detected represent a wide range of residential, industrial, and agricultural origins and uses with 82 of the 95 OWCs being found during this study. The most frequently detected compounds were coprostanol (fecal steroid), cholesterol (plant and animal steroid), N,N-diethyltoluamide (insect repellant), caffeine (stimulant), triclosan (antimicrobial disinfectant), tri(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (fire retardant), and 4-nonylphenol (nonionic detergent metabolite). Measured concentrations for this study were generally low and rarely exceeded drinking-water guidelines, drinking-water health advisories, or aquatic-life criteria. Many compounds, however, do not have such guidelines established. The detection of multiple OWCs was common for this study, with a median of seven and as many as 38 OWCs being found in a given water sample. Little is known about the potential interactive effects (such as synergistic or antagonistic toxicity) that may occur from complex mixtures of OWCs in the environment. In addition, results of this study demonstrate the importance of obtaining data on metabolites to fully understand not only the fate and transport of OWCs in the hydrologic system but also their ultimate overall effect on human health and the environment.