Distributionally robust equilibrium for continuous games: Nash and Stackelberg models

Distributionally robust equilibrium for continuous games: Nash and Stackelberg models
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连续博弈的分布稳健均衡:纳什和斯塔克尔伯格模型

DOI:
10.1016/j.ejor.2017.07.050
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发表时间:
2018-03
影响因子:
6.4
通讯作者:
J. Zhang
J. Zhang
中科院分区:
管理学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Y.C. Liu;H.F. Xu;S. Yang;J. Zhang

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我们开发了几个分布鲁棒均衡模型,在最近的研究热潮的强大的博弈论,其中一些或所有的球员在游戏中缺乏完整的信息的真实概率分布的潜在的不确定性,但他们需要做出决定之前,实现这种不确定性。我们从一个分布稳健的纳什均衡模型开始,每个玩家使用部分信息来构建一组分布,并根据最坏的分布而不是最坏的情况来选择最佳决策,以对冲真实概率分布的模糊性所产生的风险。我们调查的存在性的平衡,开发了一个数值计算方案,并考虑特殊情况下,分布鲁棒纳什均衡模型可以重新制定为一个普通的确定性纳什均衡。然后,我们扩展我们的建模方案的分布鲁棒Stackelberg设置的两种可能的框架:一个分布鲁棒的追随者模型和一个分布鲁棒的领导者模型。这两个框架被用来研究供应链中的分层竞争的创新问题,其中买方不仅投资于自己的能力,以提供一个最终产品市场的需求不确定性,但也外包一定数量的市场供应,以倍增竞争的供应商谁投资于能力,以获得买方的订单。在这个应用程序中,我们表明,买方有更多的激励投资能力,而供应商有较少这样做时,这些供应商面临更多的需求不确定性,在最终产品市场的买方。
We develop several distributionally robust equilibrium models, following the recent research surge of robust game theory, in which some or all of the players in the games lack of complete information on the true probability distribution of underlying uncertainty but they need to make a decision prior to the realization of such uncertainty. We start with a distributionally robust Nash equilibrium model where each player uses partial information to construct a set of distributions and chooses an optimal decision on the basis of the worst distribution rather than the worst scenario to hedge the risk arising from ambiguity of the true probability distribution. We investigate the existence of equilibrium, develop a numerical scheme for its computation, and consider special cases where the distributionally robust Nash equilibrium model can be reformulated as an ordinary deterministic Nash equilibrium. We then extend our modeling scheme to two possible frameworks of distributionally robust Stackelberg setting: a distributionally robust follower model and a distributionally robust leader model. These two frameworks are employed to study an innovative problem of hierarchical competition in a supply chain where a buyer not only invests in its own capacity to supply an end-product market under demand uncertainty but also outsources a certain amount of market supplies to multiply competing suppliers who invest in capacity for obtaining the buyer’s orders. In this application, we show that the buyer has more incentives to invest in capacity whereas the suppliers have less to do so when those suppliers are confronted with more demand uncertainty in the end-product market over the buyer.
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