TEN BENEFITS OF TESTING AND THEIR APPLICATIONS TO EDUCATIONAL PRACTICE
TEN BENEFITS OF TESTING AND THEIR APPLICATIONS TO EDUCATIONAL PRACTICE
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DOI：
10.1016/b978-0-12-387691-1.00001-6
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发表时间：
2011-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Smith, Megan A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Roediger, Henry L., III;Putnam, Adam L.;Smith, Megan A.
学校的测试通常是为了评估的目的，给学生打分(根据教室里的测试)或根据能力(在标准化测试中)对他们进行排名。然而，测试可以在教育环境中用于其他目的，从而极大地提高性能；本章回顾了测试的其他10个好处。在考试期间进行的检索练习可以极大地增强对检索到的信息的保留(相对于不考试，甚至相对于重新学习)。此外，除了耐用性外，这种重复检索产生的知识可以灵活地检索并转移到其他情况下。在开放式评估(如作文测试)中，测试要求的检索练习可以帮助学生组织信息，形成连贯的知识库。检索关于考试的一些信息也可以更容易地检索相关信息，至少在延迟考试中是这样。除了测试的这些直接影响外，还有一些间接影响是相当积极的。如果学生经常参加测验，他们往往会学习得更多，更有规律。测验还允许学生发现他们知识中的差距，并将学习努力集中在困难的材料上；此外，当学生在考试后学习时，他们从学习环节中学到的东西比没有参加考试的情况下更多。测验还为学生和教师提供了更好的元认知监控，因为它提供了关于学习进展情况的反馈。如果学生使用自我测试作为一种学习策略，并在课堂上更频繁地接受测验，那么在教育环境中就会有更好的学习。
Testing in school is usually done for purposes of assessment, to assign students grades (from tests in classrooms) or rank them in terms of abilities (in standardized tests). Yet tests can serve other purposes in educational settings that greatly improve performance; this chapter reviews 10 other benefits of testing. Retrieval practice occurring during tests can greatly enhance retention of the retrieved information (relative to no testing or even to restudying). Furthermore, besides its durability, such repeated retrieval produces knowledge that can be retrieved flexibly and transferred to other situations. On open-ended assessments (such as essay tests), retrieval practice required by tests can help students organize information and form a coherent knowledge base. Retrieval of some information on a test can also lead to easier retrieval of related information, at least on delayed tests. Besides these direct effects of testing, there are also indirect effects that are quite positive. If students are quizzed frequently, they tend to study more and with more regularity. Quizzes also permit students to discover gaps in their knowledge and focus study efforts on difficult material; furthermore, when students study after taking a test, they learn more from the study episode than if they had not taken the test. Quizzing also enables better metacognitive monitoring for both students and teachers because it provides feedback as to how well learning is progressing. Greater learning would occur in educational settings if students used self-testing as a study strategy and were quizzed more frequently in class.