How do children learn to cross the street? The process of pedestrian safety training.
How do children learn to cross the street? The process of pedestrian safety training.
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DOI：
10.1080/15389588.2015.1125478
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发表时间：
2016-08-17
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
McClure LA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Schwebel DC;Shen J;McClure LA
行人伤害是儿童死亡的主要原因，可以通过训练儿童更安全地过马路来减少这种伤害。这种训练在孩子们反复练习判断交通和选择安全的十字路口等复杂的认知知觉任务时最有效，但关于孩子们需要多少练习才能达到成人的功能水平，目前的数据有限。利用现有数据，我们研究了儿童在六次行人安全培训课程中行走技能的变化情况，每次培训课程由虚拟行人环境中的45个十字路口组成。作为行人安全训练的随机对照试验的一部分，59名7-8岁的儿童在半沉浸式虚拟行人环境中穿越街道270次，为期3周（6次，每次45次）。每次过马路后都有反馈，随着孩子技能的提高，交通速度和密度也随之提高。干预后的行人行为一周后在虚拟环境中进行评估，并与相同交通模式下的成人行为进行比较。在训练过程中，孩子们更快地进入交通间隙，并选择更紧凑的间隙穿过；它们的杂交效率有所提高。在训练结束时，儿童的步行行为的某些方面与成人的行为相当，而其他方面则不同，这表明训练是值得的，但不足以使大多数儿童达到成人的功能水平。在模拟的行人环境中反复练习可以帮助孩子学习安全有效的行人行为。然而，每周6次，每次45个十字路口的训练不足以使儿童达到成人行人功能，未来的研究应继续研究儿童成为合格行人所需的儿童行人安全训练的轨迹和数量。
Pedestrian injuries are a leading cause of child death, and may be reduced by training children to cross streets more safely. Such training is most effective when children receive repeated practice at the complex cognitive-perceptual task of judging moving traffic and selecting safe crossing gaps, but there is limited data on how much practice is required for children to reach adult levels of functioning. Using existing data, we examined how children’s pedestrian skill changed over the course of six pedestrian safety training sessions, each comprised of 45 crossings within a virtual pedestrian environment. As part of a randomized controlled trial on pedestrian safety training, 59 children ages 7-8 crossed the street within a semi-immersive virtual pedestrian environment 270 times over a 3-week period (6 sessions of 45 crossings each). Feedback was provided after each crossing, and traffic speed and density was advanced as children’s skill improved. Post-intervention pedestrian behavior was assessed a week later in the virtual environment and compared to adult behavior with identical traffic patterns. Over the course of training, children entered traffic gaps more quickly and chose tighter gaps to cross within; their crossing efficiency appeared to increase. By the end of training, some aspects of children’s pedestrian behavior was comparable to adult behavior but other aspects were not, indicating the training was worthwhile but insufficient for most children to achieve adult levels of functioning. Repeated practice in a simulated pedestrian environment helps children learn aspects of safe and efficient pedestrian behavior. Six twice-weekly training sessions of 45 crossings each were insufficient for children to reach adult pedestrian functioning, however, and future research should continue to study the trajectory and quantity of child pedestrian safety training needed for children to become competent pedestrians.