Kelp Forest Drag Coefficients Derived from Tidal Flow Data

Kelp Forest Drag Coefficients Derived from Tidal Flow Data
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由潮汐流数据得出的海带森林阻力系数

DOI:
10.1007/s12237-022-01098-2
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发表时间:
2022
影响因子:
2.7
通讯作者:
Woodson, C. Brock
Woodson, C. Brock
中科院分区:
环境科学与生态学3区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Monismith, Stephen;Alnajjar, Maha;Daly, Margaret;Valle-Levinson, Arnoldo;Juarez, Braulio;Fagundes, Matheus;Bell, Tom;Woodson, C. Brock

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我们提出了一种估算深度平均潮汐流阻力系数的方法,该方法使用观测到的均方根速度与无底部摩擦时观测到的均方根速度之比。我们发现,这个比率R取决于一个单一的无维数,其中,d是阻力系数,c是在水深中潮汐波的振幅和频率的相速度。函数r (P)可以用r的实测值反求。利用墨西哥下加利福尼亚州Isla native的独特的多年潮汐流记录,在此期间,那里的海带森林在不存在和密集之间变化,我们使用这种方法来量化海带生物量对阻力的影响。该分析表明,相对较低的海带生物量达到cd≈0.04的最大值,这可能是遮蔽的影响(由于海带束的紧密靠近,速度降低,产生阻力)。然而,当水柱在强烈的密度分层下经历强烈的二次流时,观测到的值高达0.015。鉴于长期测量是在海岸岬角附近进行的,我们认为这可能反映了由于分层而引起的二次流强度的变化。最后,我们的测量结果显示,表面波对阻力的增强作用微乎其微。
We present an approach for estimating drag coefficients for depth-averaged tidal flows that uses the ratio of observed RMS velocities to the RMS velocities that would be observed without bottom friction. We find that this ratio,R, depends on a single non-dimensional number,, whereCDis the drag coefficient, andCis the phase speed of a tidal wave with amplitudeand frequency, in water of depthh. The functionR(P) can be inverted to solve forCDusing measured values ofR. Taking advantage of a unique multi-year record of tidal flows on Isla Nativdad, Baja California, Mexico, during which time the kelp forest there varied between non-existent and dense, we use this method to quantify the effect of kelp biomass on drag. This analysis shows that a maximum value ofCD≈ 0.04 is reached for relatively low values of kelp biomass, which may be an effect of sheltering (reductions in the velocity creating drag due to the close proximity of bundles of kelp stipes). However, values as large as 0.015 were observed when the water column experienced strong secondary flows in the presence of strong density stratification. Given that the long-term measurements were made near a coastal headland, we argue that this may reflect variations in secondary flow strength due to stratification. Lastly, our measurements show little evidence of enhancement of drag by surface waves.
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