Causes and Metabolic Consequences of Gynecomastia in Adult Patients
Causes and Metabolic Consequences of Gynecomastia in Adult Patients
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DOI：
10.1155/2019/6718761
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发表时间：
2019-10-03
影响因子：
2.8
通讯作者：
Zacharieva, Sabina
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Robeva, Ralitsa;Elenkova, Atanaska;Zacharieva, Sabina
背景。男性乳房发育症（GM）是由于腺体组织增殖导致的男性乳房良性增大。 GM 是全身或局部激素紊乱的症状，可能与功能变化或病理状况有关。然而，患有 GM 的男性长期存在的类固醇失衡可能会对他们的代谢健康产生负面影响。方法。本回顾性横断面研究共纳入了 110 名患有 GM 症状的成年男性。收集患者的人体测量、代谢和激素数据。结果。在近 64% 的 GM 患者中，潜在的病理状况得到了确定。此外，在超过 40% 的性腺功能减退症患者中，GM 的发生是导致正确诊断的主要症状之一。代谢综合征（MS）患病率为 53%；药物引起的 GM 患者和性腺机能减退患者的 MS 患病率最高，而特发性青春期后 GM 的男性患病率最低，尽管肥胖程度相似。较低的睾酮水平与转基因患者更不利的血脂状况相关。结论。成人 GM 的发生可能是潜在性腺疾病的一个重要症状。此外，它可能与代谢紊乱的风险增加有关。我们的结果支持对 GM 患者进行详细的实验室和激素研究的需要，包括有针对性地筛查代谢紊乱。需要进一步的纵向研究来评估性激素失衡对成人 GM 心血管发病率和死亡率的长期影响。
Background. Gynecomastia (GM) is a benign enlargement of male breast due to glandular tissue proliferation. GM is a symptom of systemic or local hormonal disturbances, which could be associated with functional changes or pathological conditions. However, the long-lasting steroid imbalance in men with GM might exert negative influence on their metabolic health. Methods. A total of 110 adult men with symptomatic GM were included in the present retrospective cross-sectional study. Anthropometric, metabolic, and hormonal data of the patients were collected. Results. In almost 64% of GM patients, the underlying pathological condition was identified. Moreover, the development of GM was among the primary symptoms leading to the proper diagnosis in more than 40% of hypogonadal patients. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) was 53%; the highest prevalence of MS was found in patients with medication-induced GM and in the hypogonadal patients, whereas the lowest prevalence was observed in men with idiopathic postpubertal GM despite the similar degree of obesity. The lower testosterone levels were associated with more unfavorable lipid profile in the GM patients. Conclusion. The development of GM in adults might be an important symptom of an underlying gonadal disease. Moreover, it could be associated with an increased risk of metabolic disturbances. Our results support the need of detailed laboratory and hormonal investigations in patients with GM including targeted screening for metabolic disturbances. Further longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate the long-term consequences of sex hormones imbalance on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in adults with GM.