Urban Vulnerability Reduction:Regulations and Beyond
Urban Vulnerability Reduction:Regulations and Beyond
复制标题
减少城市脆弱性：法规及其他
DOI：
10.1057/9780230228337_11
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发表时间：
2008
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
V. Thiruppugazh
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
V. Thiruppugazh
故意不遵守规定是古吉拉特邦城市易受地震影响的根本原因吗？本章将通过对艾哈迈达巴德的案例研究，根据最近古吉拉特邦地震的经验教训，重点讨论古吉拉特邦城市脆弱性的原因。“世界正稳步变得更加城市化”（Boulle et al., 1997: 179）。联合国关于世界城市化前景的报告（2004年）预测，世界人口的50%以上将居住在城市，预计2000年至2030年期间世界人口增长的几乎全部将被欠发达地区的城市地区吸收。根据联合国的预测，亚洲的城市人口预计将增加近一倍，印度城市人口的比例将达到41.4%，而目前的数字是28%。由于人口密度和城市地区资产的增加，城市脆弱性正在增加（库塔利，2003年）。城市风险的增加（Wamsler, 2006）导致城市化和灾害相互影响（Pelling, 2003）。由于无计划的城市化、高风险区域内的开发、缺乏对建筑规范的遵守（GSDMA, 2006）、“缺乏城市管理实践”和“不适当的建筑实践”（Lewis和Mioch， 2005: 50），城市中心的风险更加复杂。在印度，超过57%的土地容易发生地震，38个人口超过50万的城市位于III、IV和V1级地震带（UNDP， 2002年）。减少城市对地震灾害的脆弱性是印度中央和邦政府的优先事项之一。古吉拉特邦是印度城市化程度最高的邦之一。古吉拉特邦近37%的人口是城市人口（印度人口普查委员会，2007年）。艾哈迈达巴德是古吉拉特邦的商业首都，人口超过500万，其他五个人口接近100万或更多的城市位于III或IV地震带。由于古吉拉特邦整个州都容易发生地震灾害，古吉拉特邦没有一个城市地区不容易受到地震的影响。在过去的339年里，古吉拉特邦发生了19次地震，其中里氏6级及以上的地震有8次（GSDMA, 2005a）。本章旨在详细分析与城市脆弱性相关的一些问题，以得出支持古吉拉特邦和印度城市地区发展所必需的战略。下一节简要调查了艾哈迈达巴德城市地震脆弱性的原因和相关问题。第三节论述吸取的教训
Is willful non-compliance of regulations the basic cause of urban vulnerability for earthquakes in Gujarat? This chapter will focus on the causes of urban vulnerability in Gujarat, based on the lessons learnt in the recent Gujarat earthquake, through a case study of Ahmedabad.‘The world is steadily becoming more urban’(Boulle et al., 1997: 179). The UN report (2004) on world urbanization prospects projects that more than 50 per cent of the world’s population will be dwelling in cities and almost all the growth of the world’s population between 2000 and 2030 is expected to be absorbed by the urban areas of less developed regions. According to UN projections, the urban population in Asia is expected to become nearly double and the percentage of people living in urban areas in India will be 41.4 against the current figure of 28 per cent. Urban vulnerability is increasing due to population density and increasing assets in the urban areas (Quarantelli, 2003). The increasing urban risk (Wamsler, 2006) results in urbanization and disasters impacting each other (Pelling, 2003). The risk in urban centers is compounded due to unplanned urbanization, development within high risk zones, lack of adherence to building codes (GSDMA, 2006),‘deficient urban management practices’, and ‘inappropriate construction practices’(Lewis and Mioch, 2005: 50). In India more than 57 per cent of the land is prone to earthquakes and 38 cities each with more than 500,000 population are in the seismic zones of III, IV and V1 (UNDP, 2002). Reduction of urban vulnerability for seismic hazards is one of the priorities of the national and state governments in India. Gujarat is one of the most urbanized states in India. Nearly 37 per cent of the population of Gujarat is urban (Census Commission of India, 2007). Ahmedabad, the business capital of Gujarat with a population of more than five million, and five other cities with a population nearly a million or more are situated either in seismic zone III or IV. As the entire state of Gujarat is prone to seismic hazard there is no urban area in Gujarat not vulnerable to earthquakes. In the past 339 years, earthquakes have occurred 19 times in Gujarat, of which 8 were of magnitude 6 and higher on Richter scale (GSDMA, 2005a). This chapter aims to analyze some of the issues related to urban vulnerability in detail to arrive at strategies that are necessary to support the development of urban areas in Gujarat and India. The next section investigates briefly the causes and issues related to urban earthquake vulnerability in Ahmedabad. Section 3 deals with the lessons learnt