The global diversity of birds in space and time
The global diversity of birds in space and time
复制标题
DOI：
10.1038/nature11631
复制
发表时间：
2012-11-15
期刊：
影响因子：
64.8
通讯作者：
Mooers, A. O.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Jetz, W.;Thomas, G. H.;Mooers, A. O.
目前全球生物多样性的格局是在空间和时间上运作的过程的结果，因此需要一个综合的宏观生态和宏观进化的视角（1-4）。分子时间树促进了我们对多样化的克里思和模式的理解（5-7），并确定了生命树中显著的适应性辐射（8-10）。然而，不完全的联合系统发育和地理抽样限制了广泛的推断。因此，快速辐射的相对普遍性及其地理环境在塑造全球生物多样性格局方面的重要性仍然不清楚。在这里，我们提出，分析和地图的第一个完整的日期所有9,993种现存的鸟类，一个广泛研究的群体显示出许多独特的适应性。我们发现，从大约5000万年前到现在，鸟类的多样化率有了很大的提高。这种加速是由于一些显着的速度增加，无论是在鸣禽和其他年轻的和主要是温带辐射，包括水鸟，海鸥和啄木鸟。重要的是，物种的特点是非常高的过去多样化率散布在整个鸟类树和整个地理空间。从地理上看，多样化率的主要差异是半球性的，而不是纬度性的，亚洲、北美洲和南美洲南部的鸟类群落中含有不成比例的物种，这些物种是由于最近的快速辐射造成的。快速辐射谱系的贡献，时间多样化的动态和物种多样性的空间分布说明了一个包容性的地理和分类的角度来看的好处。总体而言，而组成分支可能会表现出放缓（10，11），适应区，现代鸟类自白垩纪以来已经多样化，仍然可能提供多样化的机会。
Current global patterns of biodiversity result from processes that operate over both space and time and thus require an integrated macroecological and macroevolutionary perspective(1-4). Molecular time trees have advanced our understanding of the tempo and mode of diversification(5-7) and have identified remarkable adaptive radiations across the tree of life(8-10). However, incomplete joint phylogenetic and geographic sampling has limited broad-scale inference. Thus, the relative prevalence of rapid radiations and the importance of their geographic settings in shaping global biodiversity patterns remain unclear. Here we present, analyse and map the first complete dated phylogeny of all 9,993 extant species of birds, a widely studied group showing many unique adaptations. We find that birds have undergone a strong increase in diversification rate from about 50 million years ago to the near present. This acceleration is due to a number of significant rate increases, both within songbirds and within other young and mostly temperate radiations including the waterfowl, gulls and woodpeckers. Importantly, species characterized with very high past diversification rates are interspersed throughout the avian tree and across geographic space. Geographically, the major differences in diversification rates are hemispheric rather than latitudinal, with bird assemblages in Asia, North America and southern South America containing a disproportionate number of species from recent rapid radiations. The contribution of rapidly radiating lineages to both temporal diversification dynamics and spatial distributions of species diversity illustrates the benefits of an inclusive geographical and taxonomical perspective. Overall, whereas constituent clades may exhibit slowdowns(10,11), the adaptive zone into which modern birds have diversified since the Cretaceous may still offer opportunities for diversification.