Modelling land atmosphere exchange of gaseous oxides of nitrogen in Europe
Modelling land atmosphere exchange of gaseous oxides of nitrogen in Europe
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模拟欧洲气态氮氧化物的陆地大气交换
DOI：
10.3402/tellusb.v46i5.15810
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发表时间：
1994
期刊：
影响因子：
2.3
通讯作者：
D. Fowler
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
J. Duyzer;D. Fowler
工业国家环境空气中的氮氧化物主要是由化石燃料燃烧产生的一氧化氮(NO)排放造成的。在臭氧(O3)的存在下，NO迅速转化为二氧化氮(NO2)。NO2的进一步氧化导致一系列化合物的形成，其中最重要的是：硝酸(HNO3)、过氧乙酰硝酸盐(PAN)和亚硝酸(HNO2)。这些化合物对环境的影响包括自然生态系统的富营养化、酸化和光化学空气污染。因此，有必要了解这些化合物的干沉积过程，并利用这一理解为整个欧洲的生态系统提供干沉积输入的估计。本文概述了目前对用于估算区域NO沉积的交换过程和方法的理解。有几种方法被用来测量干沉降量。在这些方法中，微气象方法为估计田间通量提供了最好的方法。然而，关于NO2向重要生态系统沉积速度的现场测量报告很少，结果并不总是令人信服。测量伪影，如局部源引起的非平稳性、监测器对NO2以外的其他气体的响应以及光化学反应的影响，都给现场测量带来了很大的困难。然而，最近的田间工作提供了强有力的迹象，表明植被中的NO2沉积是由气孔开放控制的。这表明，夏季的沉积速度具有明显的日循环和年循环，最大值可达1 cm S-1。关于HNO2交换的报道很少，但根据对其物理化学性质的了解，人们预计HNO2是通过气孔被吸收的。PAN的测量也表明吸收受气孔开放的控制。几项测量表明，硝酸的沉积仅受其向地表的空气动力输送速率的限制，导致向森林的沉积速度高达10厘米S-1。因为不，情况更加复杂。早期使用高浓度的实验室研究表明，气孔吸收。然而，最近在环境浓度下进行的详细实地研究表明，大多数生态系统排放NO。为了提供氮氧化物沉积的空间模式，需要关于空气中浓度的信息以及对沉积速度的估计。就区域干沉降量估算而言，相距较远的农村监测站足以提供大范围的NO2浓度场。对于其他气体，信息稀缺，浓度需要通过远程传输模型计算得出。这些粗略的集中场可以与每个网格单元内的土地利用的统计信息相结合。然后，可以使用阻力层模型计算每个网格单元内每个土地利用类别的沉降量。为英国提供了这种方法的一个例子。这项工作表明，NO2的输入从偏远地区的1公斤Nha-1年-1到污染较严重地区的10公斤Nha-1年-1不等，NO2浓度超过10 ppb。DOI：10.1034/j.1600-0889.1994.t01-3-00002.x
Nitrogen oxides in ambient air in industrial countries result mainly from emissions of nitric oxide (NO) from fossil fuel combustion. In the presence of ozone (O 3 ), NO is rapidly converted into nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ). Further oxidation of NO 2 leads to the formation of a range of compounds, the most important of which are: nitric acid (HNO 3 ), peroxy acetyl nitrate (PAN) and nitrous acid (HNO 2 ). The environmental effects of these compounds include eutrophication of natural ecosystems, acidification and photochemical air pollution. It is therefore necessary to understand the dry deposition processes for these compounds and use this understanding to provide estimates of dry deposition inputs to ecosystems across Europe. This review outlines current understanding of the exchange processes and methods used to estimate regional NO y deposition. Several methods have been used to measure dry deposition. Among these micrometeorological methods provide the best approach for estimating fluxes in the field. However, few field measurements of the deposition velocity of NO 2 to important ecosystems have been reported and the results have not always been conclusive. Measurement artefacts such as non-stationarity caused by local sources, monitors responding to other gases than NO 2 and the influence of photochemical reactions have made field measurement very difficult. More recent field work however has provided strong indications that NO 2 deposition to vegetation is controlled by stomatal opening. This implies that the deposition velocity shows a marked diurnal as well as an annual cycle with maximum values up to 1 cm s -1 during the day in the summer. Few measurements of HNO 2 exchange have been reported, but based on knowledge of its physical-chemical properties it is expected that HNO 2 is taken up via stomata. Measurements of PAN also indicate uptake controlled by stomatal opening. Several measurements have shown that deposition of HNO 3 is limited only by the rate of its aerodynamic transport to the surface leading to deposition velocities as large as 10 cm s -1 to forest. For NO the situation is more complex. Early laboratory studies using high concentrations showed stomatal uptake. However detailed field studies carried out more recently at ambient concentrations show that most ecosystems emit NO. To provide spatial patterns of nitrogen oxide deposition, information on the concentration in air as well as an estimate of the deposition velocity is needed. For the purpose of regional dry deposition estimates, the widely separated rural monitoring stations are adequate to provide broad-scale concentration fields for NO 2 . For the other gases, information is scarce and concentrations need to be derived from calculations with long-range transport models. These coarse concentration fields may be combined with statistical information on land use within each grid cell. Deposition to each land-use category within each grid cell can then be calculated using a resistance layer model. An example of this approach is provided for the UK. This exercise showed that the input of NO 2 varies between 1 kg N ha -1 year -1 for remote areas to 10 kg N ha -1 year -1 in more polluted areas, with NO 2 concentrations in excess of 10 ppb. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1994.t01-3-00002.x
生态系统中主要离子的大气沉降和冠层相互作用（日文）
DOI：
--
发表时间：
2007
期刊：
Forest Hydrology(Morikita Publishing Co. Ltd., Tokyo)
影响因子：
--
作者：
Chiwa;M
通讯作者：
M