Meals and snacking, diet quality and energy balance
Meals and snacking, diet quality and energy balance
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DOI：
10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.03.010
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发表时间：
2014-07-01
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
Bellisle, France
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Bellisle, France
目前的肥胖“流行病”被归因于吃零食的日益增长的趋势。零食可能通过不同的方式导致能量摄入过多和体重增加，例如：饮食背景/环境、食用频率和食物选择的质量。本文回顾了有关零食在饮食质量和体重控制中的作用的数据和假设。这一领域的一个明显困难是横断面、纵向和干预研究中使用的定义和方法的多样性。一个简短的段落回顾了零食在各国的流行情况及其最近的演变。关于零食对日常能量和营养摄入的贡献的文献呈现出两种截然不同的情况。在许多报告中，零食似乎有助于根据需要调整能量摄入，除了有价值的微量营养素外，还可以在饮食中提供碳水化合物而不是脂肪。这样的结果通常出现在健康、体重正常的儿童和成人身上。相比之下，在其他消费者（尤其是肥胖儿童和成人）的饮食中，零食似乎提供了大量能量，但营养却很少。除了选择能量密集的食物外，在不饥饿的情况下进食，以响应外部非生理信号，以不规则的方式，在不利于注意进食行为的环境中（例如看电视时），可能是决定零食营养效果的关键因素。虽然应继续努力统一定义并尽量减少报告不足的影响，但旨在减少有害零食的干预措施应同时解决与食品相关的方面和行为方面的问题。 (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. 保留所有权利。
The present obesity "epidemic" has been attributed to a growing trend for snacking. Snacking may contribute to excess energy intake and weight gain through different ways, for example: context/environment of eating, frequency of consumption and quality of food choices. The present article reviews data and hypotheses about the role of snacks in diet quality and body weight control. One obvious difficulty in this field is the diversity of definitions and approaches used in cross-sectional, longitudinal, and intervention studies. A brief paragraph reviews the prevalence of snacking in various countries and its recent evolution. The literature addressing the contribution of snacks to daily energy and nutrient intake presents two contrasting pictures. In many reports, snacking appears to facilitate the adjustment of energy intake to needs, and to contribute carbohydrates, rather than fats, to the diet, in addition to valuable micronutrients. Such results are usually reported in healthy, normal-weight children and adults. By contrast, snacking often appears to contribute much energy but little nutrition in the diet of other consumers, particularly obese children and adults. In addition to selecting energy-dense foods, eating in the absence of hunger in response to external non-physiological cues, in an irregular fashion, in contexts (e.g. while watching television) that do not favor attention to the act of eating, might be crucial factors determining the nutritional effects of snacking. While efforts should be continued to harmonize definitions and minimize the influence of under-reporting, interventions aimed at decreasing detrimental snacking should address both food-related aspects and behavioral components. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.