Comparison of a single case to a control or normative sample in neuropsychology: Development of a Bayesian approach
Comparison of a single case to a control or normative sample in neuropsychology: Development of a Bayesian approach
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DOI：
10.1080/02643290701290146
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发表时间：
2007-01-01
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Garthwaite, Paul H.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Crawford, John R.;Garthwaite, Paul H.
常见的方法可用于将患者的测试分数(或分数差异)与对照或标准样本进行比较；这些方法还提供了对将获得更极端分数(或分数差异)的总体百分比的点估计，对于某些问题，还提供了对该百分比的伴随区间估计(即，置信限)。在本文中，我们发展了一种贝叶斯方法来解决这些问题。尽管方法非常不同，但当(A)病例的分数与对照样本的分数进行比较时，以及(B)当病例在两个任务上的分数之间的原始(即，非标准化)差异与对照的差异进行比较时，贝叶斯方法和频率方法产生等价点和区间估计。相比之下，这两种方法在对病例标准化分数之间的差异的异常程度的点数估计方面有所不同。标准化差异的贝叶斯方法具有以下优点：(A)它可以直接评估对照获得更极端差异分数的概率；(B)它适当地包含了得出患者差异分数的任务的标准偏差的估计误差；以及(C)它为个体的标准化分数之间的差异的异常提供了一个可信的区间；后一个问题未能屈服于频率方法。描述了实现贝叶斯方法的计算机程序并使其可用。
Frequentist methods are available for comparison of a patient's test score ( or score difference) to a control or normative sample; these methods also provide a point estimate of the percentage of the population that would obtain a more extreme score ( or score difference) and, for some problems, an accompanying interval estimate ( i.e., confidence limits) on this percentage. In the present paper we develop a Bayesian approach to these problems. Despite the very different approaches, the Bayesian and frequentist methods yield equivalent point and interval estimates when ( a) a case's score is compared to that of a control sample, and ( b) when the raw ( i.e., unstandardized) difference between a case's scores on two tasks are compared to the differences in controls. In contrast, the two approaches differ with regard to point estimates of the abnormality of the difference between a case's standardized scores. The Bayesian method for standardized differences has the advantages that ( a) it can directly evaluate the probability that a control will obtain a more extreme difference score, ( b) it appropriately incorporates error in estimating the standard deviations of the tasks from which the patient's difference score is derived, and ( c) it provides a credible interval for the abnormality of the difference between an individual's standardized scores; this latter problem has failed to succumb to frequentist methods. Computer programs that implement the Bayesian methods are described and made available.