Gravity for Cross-border Licensing and the Impact of Deep Trade Agreements: Theory and Evidence
Gravity for Cross-border Licensing and the Impact of Deep Trade Agreements: Theory and Evidence
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发表时间：
2021
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通讯作者：
Naoto Jinji;Y. Sawada;Xingyuan Zhang;Shoji Haruna
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作者：
Naoto Jinji;Y. Sawada;Xingyuan Zhang;Shoji Haruna
我们研究深度区域贸易协定(RTA)是否促进跨境技术转让。我们关注的技术转让模式是许可。我们首先从一个模型中推导出一个跨境许可的微观基础结构引力模型，在该模型中，不同类型的公司选择通过出口、外国直接投资或许可向外国市场供应他们的产品。我们展示了几个比较静态的结果，涉及服务目的国的固定成本、贸易自由和知识产权保护力度的变化对许可收入双边流动的影响。然后，我们使用1995-2012年期间49个国家和地区的版税和许可费跨境流动数据，对我们的理论预测进行了实证检验。使用各种虚拟变量和指数来捕捉浅层和深层区域贸易协定对跨境许可的影响。与我们的理论预测一致，我们发现，通过深入的区域贸易协定改善对目的地市场的准入，并通过具有法律可执行的知识产权条款和技术相关条款的区域贸易协定加强知识产权保护，可以增加许可收入的双边流动。相比之下，没有知识产权条款的肤浅的区域贸易协定不会增加跨境许可收入。
We examine whether deep regional trade agreements (RTAs) facilitate cross-border technology transfer. The mode of technology transfer we focus on is licensing. We first derive a micro-founded structural gravity model for cross-border licensing from a model in which heterogeneous firms choose to supply their goods to foreign markets through export, foreign direct investment, or licensing. We show several comparative statics results regarding the effects of changes in the fixed costs of serving the destination country, the freeness of trade, and the strength of intellectual property rights (IPR) protection on bilateral flows of licensing revenues. We then empirically test our theoretical predictions using data on cross-border flows of royalties and license fees for 49 countries in the period 1995–2012. Various dummy variables and indexes are used to capture the impact of shallow and deep RTAs on cross-border licensing. Consistent with our theoretical predictions, we find that improved access to the destination market through a deep RTA and stronger IPR protection through an RTA with legally enforceable IPR provisions and technologyrelated provisions increase bilateral flows of licensing revenues. By contrast, a shallow RTA without IPR provisions does not increase cross-border licensing revenues.