Quantification of odors and odorants from swine operations in North Carolina
Quantification of odors and odorants from swine operations in North Carolina
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DOI：
10.1016/s0168-1923(01)00239-8
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发表时间：
2001-06-25
影响因子：
6.2
通讯作者：
Raymer, JH
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Schiffman, SS;Bennett, JL;Raymer, JH
采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术（GC/MS）对美国北卡罗来纳州养猪场的331种VOCs和固定气体进行了鉴定。这些。在Tenax（(R)）吸附的空气样品中发现了203种，在棉质材料吸附的空气样品中发现了112种，在泻湖样品中鉴定了167种不同的化合物。鉴定出的化合物种类繁多，包括许多酸、醇、醛、酰胺、胺、芳烃、酯、醚、固定气体、卤化烃、烃、酮、腈、其他含氮化合物、酚类、含硫化合物、类固醇和其他化合物。绝大多数这些化合物的浓度低于公布的气味和刺激阈值。然而，人类的评估表明，在猪舍附近（即使距离超过1000英尺）的气味（刺激性感觉）都很强烈。化学评估和人类评估结果的比较表明，数百种化合物在养猪场下风产生气味和刺激的累积效应很重要。许多样品的气相色谱峰太小，无法识别化合物，但它们的存在也可能对气味和刺激起重要作用。几个方法学上的困难与人类气味评估有关。在现场评估的气味空气同时收集在Tedlar（(R)）袋中供实验室评估；然而，拘留室的强度评级高于实验室。这是由于有机粉尘（干燥的粪便和饲料）附着在泰德勒(R)袋和收集/输送系统的管道上；因此，只有来自气相的挥发性有机化合物（而不是灰尘）才能到达小组成员在嗅闻Tedlar(R)袋中获得的空气样本时的鼻子。未来的收集和测量技术需要发展，可以在实验室中同时评估灰尘和气相的气味。分散模型也需要发展，以准确地说明气味强度下风的动物操作。最后。需要确定气味暴露的安全标准，以考虑同时暴露于数百种低水平化合物的风险。(C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V.版权所有
A total of 331 different VOCs and fixed gases from swine facilities in North Carolina were identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Of these. 203 were found in air samples adsorbed onto Tenax((R)), 112 were found in air samples adsorbed onto cotton material, and 167 different compounds were identified in the lagoon samples. The compounds identified were diverse, and included many acids, alcohols, aldehydes, amides, amines, aromatics, esters, ethers, fixed gases, halogenated hydrocarbons, hydrocarbons, ketones, nitriles, other nitrogen-containing compounds, phenols, sulfur-containing compounds, steroids, and other compounds. The vast majority of these compounds were present at concentrations below published odor and irritation thresholds. Yet human assessments indicated that odors land irritant sensations) in the immediate vicinity of the swine houses land even at distances beyond 1000 ft) were strong. Comparison of the findings from chemical and human assessments points to the importance of the cumulative effects of hundreds of compounds in producing odor and irritation downwind of swine operations. Many GC peaks from the samples were too small to allow identification of the compounds, but their presence may also contribute significantly to the odor and irritation. Several methodological difficulties were associated with the human odor assessments. Odorous air evaluated in the field was simultaneously collected in Tedlar((R)) bags for evaluation in the laboratory; however, intensity ratings in the held were higher than those in the laboratory. This is due to the fact that organic dust (dried fecal material and feed) adheres to Tedlar((R)) bags and the tubing of collection/delivery systems; therefore, only VOCs from the vapor phase (but not the dust) reach the nose of the panelists in sniffing air samples obtained in Tedlar((R)) bags. Future collection and measurement techniques need to be developed that can evaluate odors from dust and vapor phases simultaneously in the laboratory. Dispersion models also need to be developed that account accurately for odor intensities downwind of animal operations. Finally. safety standards for odor exposures need to be determined that consider the risk of simultaneous exposure to hundreds of low level compounds. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.