Controversial aspects of diapause development
Controversial aspects of diapause development
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DOI：
10.14411/eje.2002.024
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发表时间：
2002-01-01
影响因子：
1.3
通讯作者：
Hodek, I
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hodek, I
虽然内分泌学家已经阐明了滞育发育的某些部分，但对其潜在过程的了解仍然不足。因此，对滞育发育的生态生理方面的调查仅限于黑箱的输入和输出。定义了滞育发育、滞育强度、滞育后静止、滞育顺期过程和滞育速期过程（再激活）。Andrewartha的术语滞育发育已被接受，因为它显示了滞育是一个动态的事件。在过去的20年里，一些关于滞育发育的观点得到了更新，而另一些观点则僵化了。尽管有许多相互矛盾的证据，而且往往是由于对实验的解释不充分，但部分科学界仍然认为，冷却是所有昆虫完成滞育发育的一般先决条件（如图和表所示）。相反，人们普遍认为，在温带气候下，越冬滞育通常在冬初/冬中完成，然后休眠为温度静止。滞育完成的多种途径的概念假设滞育可以通过正常（缓慢）的滞育发育过程（慢速过程）或通过更快的激活（快速过程）完成。在调节激活的机制和星形过程之间有重要的区别。因此，例如，光周期响应在星形完成期间丢失，而在光周期激活后它仍然存在。除了光周期活化外，人们还在研究其他类型的活化，特别是高温活化。从现代对滞育发育的研究可以得出一些结论。在每个人身上，存在着几种（至少两种）可能的途径，它们显然是相互联系和相互补充的。因此，必须考虑在任何条件下滞育所经过的时间，以及暴露在极低温度下的时间。在温度研究中，实验范围应该足够宽，并且较少受先验假设的影响。必须考虑温度升高或食物改善或其他条件的刺激。滞育完成的成功与否至少要用四个参数来衡量：(1)发育步骤的发生率（%）；（二）延误时间；(3)同步;(4)滞育后昆虫的活力（表现为长期存活或繁殖力）。最后两个参数通常被忽略。
Although some parts of diapause development have been clarified up by endocrinologists, knowledge of the underlying processes remains insufficient. The survey of ecophysiological aspects of diapause development has thus to be limited to inputs and outputs from the blackbox. The terms diapause development, diapause intensity, post-diapause quiescence, horotelic processes of diapause, and tachytelic processes of diapause (reactivation) are defined. Andrewartha's term diapause development has been accepted because it shows diapause as a dynamic event.In about the last 20 years, some views on diapause development have been updated, while others have fossilised. The assumption that chilling is a general prerequisite for completion of diapause development in all insects still survives in part of the scientific community, in spite of much contradictory evidence and often due to inadequate interpretation of experiments (examples given in figures and tables). On the contrary, it has been generally recognised that in temperate climates overwintering diapause is usually already completed in early/mid winter and the dormancy is then temperature quiescence. The conception of multiple pathways of diapause completion postulates that diapause can be completed either by the normal (slow) progress of diapause development (horotelic processes), or by a faster activation (tachytelic processes). There are important differences between the mechanisms regulating activation and the horotelic processes. Thus, e.g., the photoperiodic response is lost during horotelic completion, while after photoperiodic activation it persists. In addition to photoperiodic activation other kinds of activation are being studied, particularly activation by high temperature.Some conclusions can be made from modern studies on diapause development. In every individual, several (at least two) possible pathways exist that are evidently interlinked and mutually complementary. Thus the time of diapause passed at any condition has to be considered, as well as the exposure to very low temperatures. In temperature studies the experimental range ought to be adequately wide and less affected by a priori assumptions. Stimulation by temperature increase or improvement in food or other conditions has to be considered.The success of diapause completion should be measured by at least four parameters: (1) incidence (%) of developmental steps; (2) duration of delay; (3) synchronization; (4) vigour of post-diapause insects (shown by long-term survival or fecundity). The last two parameters have usually been neglected.