Revolt and Resistance in the Ancient Classical World and the Near East

古代古典世界和近东的反抗与抵抗——帝国的严酷考验

DOI：

10.1163/9789004330184_015

发表时间：

2016

期刊：

影响因子：

通讯作者：

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作者：

Rajak T

拒绝统治或压迫，追求自由，无疑是人类的基本本能。但是，确定抵抗运动、起义、叛乱、起义、全面战争甚至革命必须是一个构建问题，取决于不同参与者(他们不可能同意)的特定解释，更取决于随后的话语(同样存在分歧)。事实上，抵抗就像殉难一样，只有在事后才能具体化，因为它以各种方式纳入连贯的叙述和集体记忆中。这样的记忆很可能是一个群体身份的核心，而且经常，它们扩大并进入传说的领域。在公元66-73/4年第一次犹太人反抗罗马的案例中，我们收到了一个几乎完全由一位相关历史学家控制的叙事。此外，约瑟夫斯是一位历史学家，他对反对的声音不屑一顾，尽管他非常清楚这些声音。但尽管如此，他在他的犹太战争中所描述的叛乱的起因和触发因素，远远不是明确的，整个起因被大大夸大了。这场战争是在灾难性的失败之后的十年里写成的。故事中流露出多种起源。但是，在约瑟夫斯编造的故事中，起义的实际开端应该放在哪里？犹太人起义中弗朗茨·费迪南德大公被暗杀的时刻是什么时候？是罗马人在凯撒利亚犹太教堂事件中反对犹太政党的决定吗？或者是因为弗洛鲁斯把军队带进了城市，逮捕了前来抱怨的犹太知名人士，以及他随之而来的对城市的洗劫？是因为决定停止在耶路撒冷圣殿里代表罗马皇帝献祭吗？是因为起义的支持者占领了上城吗？是因为烧毁了

It is no doubt a basic human instinct to reject domination or oppression and to seek freedom. But identifying a resistance movement, an uprising, a rebellion, a revolt, a fully-fledged war, or even revolution must be a matter of construction, dependent upon a particular interpretation by a diversity of participants (who cannot possibly agree), and still more upon subsequent discourse (no less divergent). Indeed, it would seem that resistance, like martyrdom, can be crystallized only in hindsight, as it is incorporated in various ways into coherent narratives and into collective memory. Such memories may well be central to a group’s identity, and often enough, they expand and enter the sphere of legend. 1In the case of the first Jewish revolt against Rome of 66–73/4 CE, we have received a narrative almost entirely controlled by one involved historian. Moreover, Josephus is a historian who gives short shrift to dissenting voices, even though all too well aware of them. But still, the revolt’s causes and triggers that he describes in his Jewish War, written during the decade following the disastrous failure, are far from clearcut and the entire causation is greatly overdetermined. A multiplicity of origins are signalled in the narrative. But where, within the story that Josephus crafts, should the actual beginnings of revolt be located? What was the Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassination moment of the Jewish revolt? Was it the Roman decision against the Jewish party in the Caesarea synagogue incident? Or was it Florus bringing troops into the city and his arrest of Jewish notables who had come to complain about that, and his ensuing ransacking of the city? Was it the decision to stop the sacrifices offered in the Jerusalem Temple on behalf of the Roman emperors? Was it the capture of the upper city by the proponents of revolt? Was it the burning of

Revolt and Resistance in the Ancient Classical World and the Near East - In the Crucible of Empire

古代古典世界和近东的反抗与抵抗——帝国的严酷考验

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