Description and consequences of sexual violence in Ituri province, Democratic Republic of Congo.
Description and consequences of sexual violence in Ituri province, Democratic Republic of Congo.
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DOI：
10.1186/1472-698x-11-5
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发表时间：
2011-04-19
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
Grais RF
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Duroch F;McRae M;Grais RF
刚果民主共和国东部的战争一直是与性暴力问题相关的众多研究的主题。从历史上看，这种暴力被认为是征服和摧毁社区的战略战争计划的一部分，但不幸的是，这种暴力现在在相对平静的时期普遍存在。我们通过对 2005 年 9 月至 2006 年 12 月期间在伊图里省首府布尼亚无国界医生组织性暴力诊所接受治疗的 2,565 名患者进行回顾性分析，描述了刚果民主共和国伊图里省性暴力的特征和后果。我们使用标准化问卷，报告了所有就诊患者的人口统计数据、施暴者的数量和状况、强迫拘留和暴力威胁等变量。在此期间发生性暴力事件后进行咨询。我们的队列中 96% 是女性，29.3% 是未成年人，18-29 岁是代表性最多的年龄组。据报告，性暴力行为 (n = 2,565) 主要由有军人背景的男性 (73%) 实施，但 21% 的犯罪涉及平民。在超过 74% 的案件中，袭击是由两人或两人以上实施的，最常见的肇事者是身份不明的武装男性 (87.2%)。男性受害者占我们队列的 4% (n = 103)。 48% 的患者报告称在外出执行日常家务时遭到袭击，18% 的受害者被施暴者拘留，其中大多数被拘留时间不到 2 周 (61.6%)。这一时期伊图里省性暴力行为的特点不能简单地解释为文献中描述的“战争武器”，即在军事战略中使用性暴力，在指挥官的命令下使用性暴力来伤害特定社区。虽然大多数侵略行为是武装人员所为，但其中也有很大一部分涉及平民肇事者。这种类型的暴力已经成为这个饱受战争蹂躏的人群中暴力的普遍特征的一部分。有时，作为某些军事派别不受惩罚地获取报酬的手段，而对于某些平民来说，则是抵制长期冲突期间发生的对抗和不断变化的社会规范的手段。
The war in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo has been the subject of numerous studies related to the problem of sexual violence. Historically, such violence is known to be part of strategic war plans to conquer and destroy communities, but it is now unfortunately prevalent in times of relative calm. We describe the characteristics and consequences of sexual violence in Ituri province of Democratic Republic of Congo through the retrospective analysis of 2,565 patients who received medical care in the Médecins Sans Frontières sexual violence clinic in the capital of Ituri province, Bunia, between September 2005 and December 2006. Using a standardised questionnaire, we report patients' demographics, number and status of aggressor(s), forced detention and violent threats among other variables for all patients presenting for medical consultation after a sexually violent event during this period. Ninety-six percent of our cohort were female and 29.3% minors, 18-29 years was the most represented age group. Acts of sexual violence (n = 2,565) were reported to be mainly perpetrated by men with military affiliations (73%), although civilians were implicated in 21% of crimes. The attack was perpetrated by two or more persons in over 74% of cases and most commonly perpetrators were unknown armed males, (87.2%). Male victims accounted for 4% (n = 103) of our cohort. Forty-eight percent of our patients reported being attacked whilst performing daily domestic duties outside the home and 18% of victims being detained by their perpetrators, the majority of whom were held for less than 2 weeks (61.6%). The characteristics of sexually violent acts in Ituri province during this period cannot be simply explained as a 'weapon of war' as described in the literature, meaning the use of sexual violence within a military strategy where it is employed under the orders of a commander to harm a particular community. Whilst the majority of aggressions were by armed men there was an important proportion in which civilian perpetrators were implicated. This type of violence has become part of the general characteristics of violence in this war-torn population. Sometimes, as a means for some military factions to acquire remuneration with impunity and for some civilians, a means to counteract confronting, changing social norms occurring during chronic conflict.