Encratism, Asceticism, and the Construction of Gender and Sexual Identity in Apocryphal Gospels
Encratism, Asceticism, and the Construction of Gender and Sexual Identity in Apocryphal Gospels
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伪经主义、禁欲主义以及伪福音书中性别和性身份的建构
DOI：
10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199644117.013.26
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发表时间：
2015
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Judith Hartenstein
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Judith Hartenstein
只有极少数伪经福音书明确讨论了禁欲的话题。食物等方面的禁欲主义所起的作用甚至更小。然而，学术界仍然普遍认为，这些著作中的许多都呼吁禁欲或至少具有禁欲背景。人们认为，尤其是与纳格·哈马迪图书馆的“诺斯替”福音书或相关抄本有关的情况，因为细小的线索及其整个神学——特别是对世界的负面看法——暗示了禁欲主义倾向。多马福音扮演着一个特殊但并非无可争议的角色。鉴于对“诺斯替教”一词的争论以及人们日益意识到“诺斯替教”著作之间的差异，至少值得仔细研究各个文本。但通常也很难将福音书得出的结论与其读者的经历和生活联系起来，因为福音书的内容通常是抽象的和神学的。在我看来，根据上下文以及读者的性别，某些陈述可以有不同的理解方式。值得注意的是，在许多被视为禁欲主义的福音书中，耶稣的女门徒扮演着重要的角色。在古代晚期，不同的哲学流派都将节制、不受外界影响和控制内心激情视为美德。关键价值观是精神的。因此，禁欲主义作为一种控制身体和情感欲望的练习属于哲学生活，但并不一定意味着完全的性禁欲。对于（男性）哲学家来说，婚姻中的性行为可以是一种以生育和履行社会义务为目的的意志行为，
ONLY in a very few apocryphal gospels is sexual abstinence expressly a topic which is discussed; asceticism in terms of food etc. plays an even smaller role. It is, however, still widely agreed in scholarly circles that many of these writings call for abstinence from sexual relations or at least have an ascetic background. This is thought to be the case especially in relation to the'gnostic'gospels from the Nag Hammadi library or related codices, because small clues and their theology as a whole-in particular, a negative view of the world-suggest ascetic tendencies. A special, but not undisputed, role is played by the Gospel of Thomas. Given the debate over the term'gnostic'and the growing awareness of the differences between the writings referred to as' gnostic, it is at least worth taking a closer look at the individual texts. But it is also generally difficult to connect conclusions drawn from the gospels, with their often abstract and theological content, with the experiences and lives of their readers. In my opinion, some of the statements can be understood in different ways depending on the context, and also depending on the gender of the reader. It is noticeable that in many gospels which are regarded as ascetic, women disciples of Jesus play a strong role. In Late Antiquity, temperance, independence from external influences, and mastery of one's inner passions were viewed by different philosophical schools as virtues; the critical values were spiritual. Asceticism as an exercise in the mastery of physical and emotional desires therefore belongs to the philosophical life, but does not necessarily mean complete sexual abstinence. Sexuality in marriage for (male) philosophers can be an act of will with the purpose of procreation and the fulfilment of social obligations,