Pathogen and indicator inactivation in source-separated human urine heated by the sun
Pathogen and indicator inactivation in source-separated human urine heated by the sun
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太阳加热的源分离人尿液中病原体和指示剂灭活
DOI：
10.2166/washdev.2013.174
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发表时间：
2013
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
B. Vinnerås
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
A. Nordin;C. Niwagaba;H. Jönsson;B. Vinnerås
尿液的源头分离可以将大量高质量的植物营养素从废水系统中高效地回收到食品生产中。为了控制疾病传播的风险，尿液应该消毒，这通常是通过储存来完成的。在乌干达坎帕拉的10 L塑料杰里罐中研究了三次环境暴露下尿液的消毒，导致储存温度波动。在实验室条件下使用类似的温度循环进行了随访研究。在阳光充足的情况下，靠近墙壁和室内的杰里罐的日平均中点温度分别为24、24和22 °C（幅度为7.5、4.7和1.2 °C）。在充分阳光下储存的尿液中（总氨氮4 ± 1.5 g L −1，pH 9），大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌和肠球菌属。（最初为10 5 ~ 10 6 cfu mL −1）分别在11 h、14 h和50 d后未检测到（1 cfu mL −1）。40 d后未发现活的猪蛔虫卵。对肠杆菌噬菌体MS 2、大肠杆菌噬菌体Φx 174和鼠伤寒沙门氏菌噬菌体28 B的t90分别为8.2、37和55 d。波动的温度与氨相结合，使细菌和猪蛔虫卵的灭活速度比相同的恒定平均温度更快。
Source-separation of urine enables energy-efficient recycling of large quantities of high quality plant nutrients from the wastewater system to food production. To manage the risk of diseases transmission the urine should be sanitised, which is commonly done by storage. The sanitisation of urine at three ambient exposures, resulting in fluctuating storage temperatures, was studied in 10 L plastic jerry cans in Kampala, Uganda. Follow-up studies using similar temperature cycles were performed under laboratory conditions. Daily mean mid-point temperature in jerry cans in full sun, adjacent to a wall and indoors was 24, 24 and 22 °C (amplitude 7.5, 4.7 and 1.2 °C), respectively. In urine stored at full sun (total ammonia nitrogen 4 ± 1.5 g L −1 , pH 9) Escherichia coli , Salmonella and Enterococcus spp. (initially 10 5 –10 6 cfu mL −1 ) were not detected ( 1 cfu mL −1 ) after 11 h, 14 h and 50 d, respectively. No viable Ascaris suum eggs were found after 40 d. The t 90 for enterobacteria phage MS2, coliphage Φx 174 and Salmonella typhimurium phage 28B in sun-exposed cans was 8.2, 37 and 55 d respectively. Fluctuating temperatures in combination with ammonia gave faster inactivation of bacteria and Ascaris suum eggs than the same constant mean temperature.