Special Section — Marine Controlled-Source Electromagnetic Methods An introduction to marine controlled-source electromagnetic methods for hydrocarbon exploration
Special Section — Marine Controlled-Source Electromagnetic Methods An introduction to marine controlled-source electromagnetic methods for hydrocarbon exploration
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发表时间：
2007
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通讯作者：
S. Constable;L. Srnka
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作者：
S. Constable;L. Srnka
海洋电磁方法的早期发展可以追溯到大约 80 年前，主要是由国防/军事应用推动的，并且这些目的的使用一直持续到今天。深水、频域、电偶极子-偶极子、受控源电磁CSEM方法源于20世纪80年代对海洋岩石圈的学术研究，尽管碳氢化合物勘探行业意识到了这项工作，但当时正在勘探的浅水环境并不非常适合其使用。低油价和 3D 地震方法日益成功的结果进一步阻碍了对昂贵的替代地球物理数据流的投资。这些情况在 20 世纪 90 年代末发生了变化，当时挪威国家石油公司和埃克森美孚都开始在 1000 米左右的深水中进行 CSEM 测量的建模研究和现场试验，专门用于表征先前确定的钻井目标的电阻率。这两家公司于 2000 年至 2002 年在安哥拉近海进行的试验表明，CSEM 数据可以成功地用于评估深达数千米的目标的储层电阻率。两家公司都利用学术界的仪器和专业知识取得了迅速进展。由此产生的海洋电磁方法勘探使用的快速增长对训练有素的人员产生了难以满足的需求；尽管如此，此时，CSEM 数据代表了勘探业务中的商业商品，并且采集服务由三个公司提供。确定海底深部钻探目标电阻率的能力很可能使海洋 CSEM 成为继 3D 反射地震学之后出现的最重要的地球物理技术。
Early development of marine electromagnetic methods, dating back about 80 years, was driven largely by defense/military applications, and use for these purposes continues to this day. Deepwater, frequency-domain, electric dipole-dipole, controlled-sourceelectromagneticCSEMmethodsarosefromacademic studies of the oceanic lithosphere in the 1980s, and although the hydrocarbon exploration industry was aware of this work, the shallow-water environments being explored at that time were not ideally suited for its use. Low oil prices and increasingly successful results from 3D seismic methods further discouraged investment in costly alternative geophysical data streams. These circumstances changed in the late 1990s, when both Statoil and ExxonMobil began modeling studies and field trialsofCSEMsurveyingindeepwateraround1000 mordeeper, specifically for characterizing the resistivity of previously identified drilling targets. Trials offshore Angola in 2000‐2002 byboththesecompaniesshowedthatCSEMdatacansuccessfully be used to evaluate reservoir resistivity for targets as deep as several thousand meters. Both companies leveraged instrumentationandexpertisefromtheacademiccommunitytomakeswift progress. The resulting rapid growth in the use of marine EM methodsforexplorationhascreatedademandfortrainedpersonnelthatisdifficulttomeet;nevertheless,atthistime,CSEMdata represent a commercial commodity within the exploration business, and acquisition services are offered by three companies. The ability to determine the resistivity of deep drilling targets from the seafloor may well make marine CSEM the most important geophysical technique to emerge since 3D reflection seismology.