Interplay of cGAS with micronuclei: Regulation and diseases
Interplay of cGAS with micronuclei: Regulation and diseases
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DOI：
10.1016/j.mrrev.2022.108440
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发表时间：
2022
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Xu Wang
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Xihan Guo;Henning Hintzsche;Weijiang Xu;Juan Ni;Jinglun Xue;Xu Wang
In higher eukaryotes, sophisticate regulation of genome function requires all chromosomes to be packed into a single nucleus. Micronucleus (MN), the dissociative nucleus-like structure frequently observed in aging and multiple disease settings, has critical, yet under-recognized, pathophysiological functions. Micronuclei (MNi) have recently emerged as major sources of cytosolic DNA that can activate the cGAS-STING axis in a cell-intrinsic manner. However, MNi induced from different genotoxic stressors display great heterogeneity in binding or activating cGAS and the signaling responses downstream of the MN-induced cGAS-STING axis have divergent outcomes including autoimmunity, autoinflammation, metastasis, or cell death. Thus, full characterization of molecular network underpinning the interplay of cGAS and MN is important to elucidate the pathophysiological roles of immunogenic MN and design improved drugs that selectively target cancer via boosting the MN-derived cGAS-STING axis. Here, we summarize our current understanding of the mechanisms for self-DNA discrimination by cGAS. We focus on discussing how MN immunogencity is dictated by multiple mechanisms including integrity of micronuclear envelope, state of nucleosome and DNA, competitive factors, damaged mitochondrial DNA and micronucleophagy. We also describe emerging links between immunogenic MN and human diseases including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases and COVID-19. Particularly, we explore the exciting concept of inducing immunogenic MN as a therapeutic approach in treating cancer. We propose a new theoretical framework to describe immunogenic MN as a biological sensor to modulate cellular processes in response to genotoxic stress and provide perspectives on developing novel experimental approaches to unravel the complexity of MN immunogenicity regulation and immunogenic MN pathophysiology. • We summarize our current understanding of the mechanisms for cGAS self-discrimination. • We discusse how MN immunogenicity is dictated by factors including mNE integrity, state of micronuclear nucleosome and DNA, damaged mitochondrial DNA and micronucelophagy. • We describe the role of immonugenic MN in cancer, neurodegenerative diseases and COVID-19. • We propose a new theoretical framework to describe immunogenic MN as a genotoxic stress sensor and provide perspectives on developing novel tools to unravel MN immunogenicity.
