Reckoning with the Rocky Relationship Between Eruption Size and Climate Response: Toward a Volcano-Climate Index
Reckoning with the Rocky Relationship Between Eruption Size and Climate Response: Toward a Volcano-Climate Index
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DOI：
10.1146/annurev-earth-080921-052816
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发表时间：
2022-05
影响因子：
14.9
通讯作者：
A. Schmidt;B. Black
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
A. Schmidt;B. Black
火山爆发对气候的影响微妙而深刻。火山爆发的规模与其气候影响的严重程度仅存在松散的相关性，这些影响可能包括地表温度、臭氧水平、平流层动力学、降水和海洋环流的变化。我们回顾了岩浆房、喷发柱、海洋、生物圈和大气中的过程，这些过程介导了火山喷发对气候的反应。火山爆发的规模，风格，持续时间和随后的气候反应的严重性之间的复杂关系出现。我们提倡一个新的，一致的指标，火山气候指数，分类火山喷发的气候反应独立于喷发属性，并跨越火山活动的全方位，从短暂的爆炸性喷发到持久的洪水玄武岩。一个一致的度量分类的气候反应，不同的规模，风格和持续时间的火山爆发是至关重要的建立之间的关系的严重性和频率的这种反应，帮助灾害评估，并进一步了解火山对气候的影响，在几年到数百万年的时间尺度。我们回顾了驱动火山喷发规模和气候响应之间的岩石关系的过程，并提出了一个火山气候指数。火山喷发在一系列时间尺度上扰乱地球的气候，关键的开放问题是岩浆系统，喷发柱和大气中的过程如何塑造气候对火山活动的反应。火山气候指数将提供类似于地震危险的火山气候严重程度频率分布的信息。了解火山气候影响特定水平的频率将有助于灾害评估，规划和减轻社会影响。
Volcanic eruptions impact climate, subtly and profoundly. The size of an eruption is only loosely correlated with the severity of its climate effects, which can include changes in surface temperature, ozone levels, stratospheric dynamics, precipitation, and ocean circulation. We review the processes—in magma chambers, eruption columns, and the oceans, biosphere, and atmosphere—that mediate the climate response to an eruption. A complex relationship between eruption size, style, duration, and the subsequent severity of the climate response emerges. We advocate for a new, consistent metric, the Volcano-Climate Index, to categorize climate response to eruptions independent of eruption properties and spanning the full range of volcanic activity, from brief explosive eruptions to long-lasting flood basalts. A consistent metric for categorizing the climate response to eruptions that differ in size, style, and duration is critical for establishing the relationshipbetween the severity and the frequency of such responses aiding hazard assessments, and furthering understanding of volcanic impacts on climate on timescales of years to millions of years. ▪ We review the processes driving the rocky relationship between eruption size and climate response and propose a Volcano-Climate Index. ▪ Volcanic eruptions perturb Earth's climate on a range of timescales, with key open questions regarding how processes in the magmatic system, eruption column, and atmosphere shape the climate response to volcanism. ▪ A Volcano-Climate Index will provide information on the volcano-climate severity-frequency distribution, analogous to earthquake hazards. ▪ Understanding of the frequency of specific levels of volcanic climate effects will aid hazard assessments, planning, and mitigation of societal impacts.