Overview of Pesticide Residues in Stored Pollen and Their Potential Effect on Bee Colony (Apis mellifera) Losses in Spain
Overview of Pesticide Residues in Stored Pollen and Their Potential Effect on Bee Colony (Apis mellifera) Losses in Spain
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DOI：
10.1603/ec10235
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发表时间：
2010-12-01
影响因子：
2.2
通讯作者：
Higes, M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bernal, J.;Garrido-Bailon, E.;Higes, M.
在过去的十年里，蜜蜂（Apis mellifera L.）据报道，在一些国家，蜂群已经消失。这种下降的原因尚不清楚。这项研究旨在评估西班牙蜜蜂群储存花粉中的农药残留及其对蜜蜂损失的可能影响。总共随机选择了1，021个专业养蜂场。所有的花粉样品进行多残留分析，气相色谱-质谱（MS）和液相色谱-MS;此外，具体方法应用于烟碱类和氟虫腈。还进行了孢粉学分析，以确定觅食作物的类型。在春季采集的样品中，42%的样品中检测到农药残留，而在秋季采集的样品中仅检测到31%。氟胺氰菊酯和虫螨威磷是分析样品中最常检测到的农药。在所有春季样品中检测到3.7%的氟虫腈，但在秋季样品中从未检测到，未检测到烟碱类残留。47.8%以上的花粉样品属于野生植物，向日葵（Heliantusspp.）花粉的检出率仅为10.4%。根据所获得的结果，在储存的花粉样品中发现的农药残留与菌落损失之间的直接关系并不明显。有必要进一步研究，以确定最常见和最丰富的农药（如杀螨剂）的可能作用，以及它们之间的协同作用，并与其他病原体在西班牙更普遍。
In the last decade, an increase in honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colony losses has been reported in several countries. The causes of this decline are still not clear. This study was set out to evaluate the pesticide residues in stored pollen from honey bee colonies and their possible impact on honey bee losses in Spain. In total, 1,021 professional apiaries were randomly selected. All pollen samples were subjected to multiresidue analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (MS) and liquid chromatography-MS; moreover, specific methods were applied for neonicotinoids and fipronil. A palynological analysis also was carried out to confirm the type of foraging crop. Pesticide residues were detected in 42% of samples collected in spring, and only in 31% of samples collected in autumn. Fluvalinate and chlorfenvinphos were the most frequently detected pesticides in the analyzed samples. Fipronil was detected in 3.7% of all the spring samples but never in autumn samples, and neonicotinoid residues were not detected. More than 47.8% of stored pollen samples belonged to wild vegetation, and sunflower (Heliantus spp.) pollen was only detected in 10.4% of the samples. A direct relation between pesticide residues found in stored pollen samples and colony losses was not evident accordingly to the obtained results. Further studies are necessary to determine the possible role of the most frequent and abundant pesticides (such as acaricides) and the synergism among them and with other pathogens more prevalent in Spain.