Development of miniature pingers for tracking Atlantic salmon smolts at sea
Development of miniature pingers for tracking Atlantic salmon smolts at sea
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DOI：
10.1023/a:1017014903313
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发表时间：
1998-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
Anderson, JM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Voegeli, FA;Lacroix, GL;Anderson, JM
微型声波探测器和自动接收器的开发和测试超过三年，以跟踪不同大小和起源的大西洋鲑鱼，因为他们从淡水和海上迁移。首先测试具有延迟激活的指状物（8 mm直径X 38 mm），并将其手术植入大型孵化场饲养的胡瓜鱼（31 cm）中。改进后，这些pingers植入较小的孵化场冶炼（23厘米）在第二次研究。它们被固定地点的自动接收器探测到，并在海上追踪到49公里远。探测距离至少为400 m，改进的脉冲持续时间超过75 d。然后通过使用定制的集成电路减小手指的尺寸（8 mm x 26 mm），并在第三项研究中将其植入野生胡瓜鱼（18 cm）中进行测试。在与前一年相同的时间和距离内对它们进行了跟踪。功率输出得以保持，信号强度和探测范围与较大的脉冲声发射器一样好，脉冲声持续时间长达86 d。在所有测试中，发射器的频率都是晶体控制的，以便由固定在水下的窄带自动接收器解码。一项旨在检查在幼鲑（15 cm）中手术植入不同尺寸（8 mm x 24、28和32 mm）的假声发射器的长期影响的实验室研究表明，需要修改声发射器形状以增加5 - 6个月后的保留时间，并且应进一步减小声发射器尺寸以消除死亡率。这些研究导致研制出微型编码发射器和小型单通道接收器，从而有可能在海上长距离和几个月的时间内探测和跟踪大量小型野生鲑鱼。
Miniature pingers and automated receivers were developed and tested over three years to track Atlantic salmon smelts of different size and origin as they migrated from fresh water and at sea. Fingers (8 mm diameter x 38 mm) with delayed activation were first tested and surgically implanted in large hatchery-reared smelts (31 cm). After improvements, these pingers were implanted in smaller hatchery smelts (23 cm) in a second study. They were detected by automated receivers at fixed sites and tracked at sea as far as 49 km. Range of detection was at least 400 m, and duration of improved pingers exceeded 75 d. Fingers were then reduced in size (8 mm x 26 mm) by using a custom integrated circuit, and they were implanted and tested in wild smelts (18 cm) in a third study. They were tracked over the same period and distances as the previous year. Power output was maintained and signal strength and range of detection were as good as for the larger pingers, and pinger duration was up to 86 d. In all tests, the frequency of transmitters was crystal controlled for decoding by the narrow-band automated receivers moored underwater at fixed sites. A laboratory study to examine the long-term effects of surgically implanting dummy pingers of different sizes (8 mm x 24, 28, and 32 mm) in juvenile salmon (15 cm) indicated that pinger shape needed modification to increase retention time past 5-6 mo and that pinger size should be reduced further to eliminate mortality. These studies have led to the development of miniature coded transmitters and small single-channel receivers which will make it possible to detect and track large numbers of small, wild salmon smelts over long distances and for several months at sea.